Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of supervised exercise among nurses conducting shift work for health promotion. Methods: A total of 30 healthy female nurses conducting shift work participated in this study and they were randomly assigned to one of the following 2 groups: The supervised exercise group (SG; participants exercised under the supervision of a physical therapist (PT)) and the voluntary exercise group (VG; participants exercised without supervision). The study participants were asked to exercise twice/week for 12 weeks for 24 sessions. The primary outcome was aerobic fitness, and the secondary outcomes were muscle strength, anthropometric data, biochemical parameters, and mental health. We compared all the outcomes before and after the intervention within each group and between both groups at follow-up. Results: Aerobic fitness increased in the SG whereas it decreased in the VG, but these changes were not statistically significant (p=0.053 and 0.073, respectively). However, the between-group difference was significant in the intervention effect (p=0.010). Muscle strength, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and metabolic profile (high-molecular weight adiponectin), and depressive symptom significantly improved in the SG over time, even though the SG exercised less as compared with the VG. Moreover, significant differences in muscle strength, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reactive oxygen metabolite levels were observed between both groups, and these parameters were better in the SG than in the VG. Conclusions: Our data-suggest the effectiveness of exercise supervised by a PT at the workplace of nurses conducting shift work for health promotion.

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IntroductionIn the bone marrow (BM), B-cell differentiation leads to generation of a broad repertoire of antibody-bearing cells in an antigenindependent manner. After ordered rearrangement of the heavy and light chain loci, immature B cells are the first B-cell subset to express a B-cell receptor (BCR), composed of a surface immunoglobulin M (IgM) and the Ig␣/Ig␤ signaling complex (reviewed in Meffre et al 1 ). This process yields a number of potentially self-reactive clones, which can be eliminated by apoptosis (clonal deletion), modified by secondary rearrangements (receptor editing), or rendered hyporesponsive (anergy). [2][3][4][5] In the mouse, 2 ϫ 10 7 immature B cells are generated every day, of which around 90% undergo negative selection. 6 Before migrating to the periphery, immature B cells develop into IgM hi IgD lo CD21 Ϫ CD23 Ϫ type 1 (T1) transitional B cells. 7 They differentiate in the spleen into IgM hi IgD ϩ CD21 ϩ CD23 ϩ type 2 (T2) transitional B cells and then into either IgM hi IgD Ϫ CD21 ϩ CD23 Ϫ marginal zone or IgM lo IgD hi CD21 ϩ CD23 ϩ follicular mature B cells. 8 Both transitional B-cell subsets appear to be short lived (3 to 4 days) 6 and nondividing in vivo, 9 although recent studies show that T2's proliferate and up-regulate survival signals, whereas T1's die after in vitro BCR engagement. 10 Moreover, T1's express CD95 but not the antiapoptotic molecule bcl-2, 7 further suggesting that T1 might be the target of the B-cell-negative selection occurring in the periphery. 11 Such transitional B-cell subsets have not yet been defined in humans. Current characterization of human peripheral blood (PB) B cells is based on the expression of the tumor necrosis factor family member CD27, which distinguishes unmutated IgM ϩ IgD ϩ CD27 Ϫ naive cells (approximately 60% in adults) from somatically hypermutated CD27 ϩ memory cells (40%, of which approximately 40% are IgM ϩ IgD ϩ ). 12 Naive B cells may be the target of negative selection, since heavy chain variable region (V H ) usage as well as the V H complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) length changes in peripheral mature B cells. [13][14][15] The analysis of primary immune deficiencies is a powerful tool for the study of normal human B-cell differentiation. Immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, and facial anomalies (ICF) disease is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome, characterized by chromosomal instability and humoral immune deficiency. Patients present recurrent respiratory infections and diarrhea as consequence of hypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia, sometimes associated with defective cell-mediated immunity. 16 Developmental defects such as delayed developmental milestones, facial dismorphy (eg, roundness, hypertelorism, macroglossia), and mental retardation have also been observed. Cytogenetic abnormalities include elongation of centromeric or juxtacentromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, leading to formation of multiradiate figures involving mainly chromosomes 1 and 16. 17 ICF patients show ma...

BackgroundLow family socio‐economic status (SES) is usually associated with children’s poor academic achievement, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are less understood.AimsThe present study examined the mediating role of parental academic involvement and the moderating role of parental subjective social mobility in this relationship with cross‐sectional data.Sample and methodsA total of 815 fourth‐ to sixth‐grade children were recruited from five elementary schools in China. Family SES (measured by parents’ education, parents’ occupation and family income) and parental subjective social mobility were obtained directly from parents, parental academic involvement was reported by children, and information on children’s academic achievement was collected from their teachers.ResultsThe results showed that (1) both family SES and parental academic involvement were positively correlated with children’s Chinese and math achievement, (2) parental academic involvement mediated the relationships between family SES and children’s Chinese and math achievement, and (3) parental subjective social mobility moderated the path from family SES to parental academic involvement. The models of children’s Chinese and math achievement showed that the association between family SES and parental academic involvement was weak among children’s parents who reported high levels of subjective social mobility.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that there is a pathway from family SES to children’s academic achievement through parental academic involvement and that this pathway is dependent on the level of parental subjective social mobility.