BackgroundLow family socio‐economic status (SES) is usually associated with children’s poor academic achievement, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are less understood.AimsThe present study examined the mediating role of parental academic involvement and the moderating role of parental subjective social mobility in this relationship with cross‐sectional data.Sample and methodsA total of 815 fourth‐ to sixth‐grade children were recruited from five elementary schools in China. Family SES (measured by parents’ education, parents’ occupation and family income) and parental subjective social mobility were obtained directly from parents, parental academic involvement was reported by children, and information on children’s academic achievement was collected from their teachers.ResultsThe results showed that (1) both family SES and parental academic involvement were positively correlated with children’s Chinese and math achievement, (2) parental academic involvement mediated the relationships between family SES and children’s Chinese and math achievement, and (3) parental subjective social mobility moderated the path from family SES to parental academic involvement. The models of children’s Chinese and math achievement showed that the association between family SES and parental academic involvement was weak among children’s parents who reported high levels of subjective social mobility.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that there is a pathway from family SES to children’s academic achievement through parental academic involvement and that this pathway is dependent on the level of parental subjective social mobility.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoimmune disease that is categorized via chronic inflammation manifestation, obesity, cardiovascular risk and even enhanced the mortality and affect the 0.3 and 1% of population worldwide. The current experimental study was scrutinize the anti-arthritic effect of b-sitosterol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) against complete Fruend adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis via dual pathway. Double emulsion solvent displacement method was used for the preparation of b-sitosterol solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). CFA was used to induce arthritis and rats were divided into different groups for 28 days. Biochemical, anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediator were estimated, respectively. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf 2), Heme Oxygenase-1(HO-1) and Nuclear factor-jB (NF-jB) expression were estimated. b-sitosterol-SLN significantly (p < .001) reduced the paw edema, arthritic index and increased the body weight. b-sitosterol-SLN increased the redox status of synovium freduce the malonaldehyde (MDA) and increase superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT)g level and reduced the cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1b (IL-1b), interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-16, interleukin-17 and increased level of interleukin-10, Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b). b-sitosterol-SLN significantly (p < .001) reduced the level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2), vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and NF-jB. b-sitosterol-SLN significantly increased the expression of HO-1,Nrf 2 and decreased the expression of NF-jB, RANKL, STAT3. In conclusion, b-sitosterol SLN showed the antiarthritic effect via suppression of NF-kB and activation of HO-1/Nrf-2 pathway.

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