Against the background of the aging trend in China, construction and regeneration strategies for an aging-friendly built environment are becoming common, led by urban governments, and public street spaces are the focus of these strategies. Exploring such planning and design strategies can help to improve the social welfare of the aging population and meet their diverse needs. Thus, this paper, through analyzing the determinants of the elderly’s needs, examines the relationship between spatial perception and street form, using Shanghai, in China, as a case study. This study contributes to the current literature in two ways: first, it constitutes the first attempt to build a needs hierarchy for aging people in a Chinese developed city; second, our statistical analysis involves large-scale population surveys, which helps us to comprehensively and deeply understand the impact of detailed street forms on the elderly’s various spatial perceptions. Our results indicate that the renovation of street space in different areas of cities can be improved by the control of street form, to meet the diverse needs of the local aging group.

The transfer of urban development goals from two-dimensional land to three-dimensional space leads to the dilemmas of the functional adjustment of partial space in the building, such as an unclear property right system, vague land financial expropriation method, uncertain economic value, etc. This study aims to understand land-development-right pricing based on spatial characteristics in spatial function regeneration. Especially, we deal with the following questions: (1) How do we identify the spatial development rights and their pricing? (2) How do we develop an effective method to evaluate the value of local spatial-oriented development rights? Answering these questions helps to establish a sustainable land finance mode, which enables the public and private sectors to share the rising value of the urban functional adjustment. Thus, employing mixed methods, the study analyzes the characteristics of property rights and the economic value of spatial-development rights. We find the following: (1) The main institutional obstacle restricting local regeneration is the inconsistency between the local spatial ownership and use right of land. (2) The technical shortcomings of land finance result from the lack of an evaluation method of the spatial characteristics. Our study motivates the transition of urban economics from a two-dimensional surface to three-dimensional spaces. Meanwhile, for countries with similar land property rights and leasing systems to China, the study also provides a useful reference to deal with the property right and land finance issues in the renewal of local spatial functions.

Background No Pain Labor ＆Delivery (NPLD) is a nongovernmental project to increase access to safe neuraxial analgesia through specialized training. This study explores the change in overall cesarean delivery (CD) rate and maternal request CD(MRCD) rate in our hospital after the initiation of neuraxial analgesia service. Methods A neuraxial labor analgesia（NA） was initiated in May 1st 2015 by the help of NPLD. Since then, the application of NA became a routine operation in our hospital, and every parturient can choose to use NA or not according to her own requirement. The monthly rates of NA, CD, MRCD, multiparous women, intrapartum CD, episiotomy, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), operative vaginal delivery and neonatal asphyxia of vaginal delivery were analyzed from January 1st 2015 to April 30th 2016. Results The rate of NA in our hospital was getting increasingly higher from 26.1% in May 2015 to 44.6% in April 2016 ( p< 0.001); the rate of CD was decreased from 50.4% in May 2015 to 36.3% in April 2016 ( p< 0.001); the rate of MRCD was decreased from 10.8% in May 2015 to 5.7% in April 2016 ( p< 0.001); but the rates of overall CD and MRCD remained stable at a high level from January to May 2015( p ＞0.05). At the same time, the rate of multiparous women remained unchanged during the 16 month of observation ( p ＞0.05). There was a negative correlation between the rate of NA and rate of overall CD, r=-0.803 (95%CI[-0.951, -0.642], p =0.002), and between the utilization rate of NA and rate of MRCD, r=-0.790 (95%CI[-0.971, -0.497], p =0.004).The rates of episiotomy, PPH, operative vaginal delivery and neonatal asphyxia in women who underwent vaginal delivery as well as the rates of intrapartum CD, neonatal asphyxia, and PPH in women who underwent CD remained unchanged from January 1st 2015 to April 30th 2016 . Conclusions: Our study shows that the rates of CD and MRCD in our department were significantly decreased from January 1st 2015 to April 30th 2016, which may be due to the increasing use of NA during vaginal delivery.