We study the problem of testing whether an unknown
n
-variable Boolean function is a
k
-junta in the
distribution-free
property testing model, where the distance between functions is measured with respect to an arbitrary and unknown probability distribution over {0,1}
n
. Our first main result is that distribution-free
k
-junta testing can be performed, with one-sided error, by an adaptive algorithm that uses Õ(
k
2
)/ϵ queries (independent of
n
). Complementing this, our second main result is a lower bound showing that any
non-adaptive
distribution-free
k
-junta testing algorithm must make Ω(2
k
/3
) queries even to test to accuracy ϵ = 1/3. These bounds establish that while the optimal query complexity of non-adaptive
k
-junta testing is 2
Θ(
k
)
, for adaptive testing it is poly(
k
), and thus show that adaptivity provides an exponential improvement in the distribution-free query complexity of testing juntas.
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