In a context of global moves towards decentralization and neighbourhood governance, this article focuses on neighbourhood governance in Nanjing, China. We draw on interviews and observations in 32 neighbourhoods to examine how neighbourhood governance plays out in different neighbourhoods. We identify and describe four modes of governance--collective consumption, service privatization, civic provision and statesponsored--to argue that neighbourhood governance develops on the ground in diverse and complex ways, necessitating scholars to be cautious when seeking to generalize about it at the scale of the city, let alone that of the nation-state or the globe. We argue that relationships between actors are important units of analysis when considering how effective governance is achieved in different neighbourhoods; diversity and complexity in neighbourhood governance partly reflect the role of the state in these relationships. In turn the role of the state partly reflects processes of policy evolution in particular neighbourhoods.

Green innovation efficiency takes environmental and energy factors into consideration. Enhancing green innovation efficiency is a fundamental requirement for China's innovation-driven development. This paper uses the data of industrial enterprises from 30 provinces (cities, districts) in China from 2007 to 2019 and the data envelopment analysis-slack-based measure (DEA-SBM) method to establish a new model for measuring the efficiency of green innovation in industrial enterprises, and compares that efficiency in three major regions of China. In short, the paper examines the relationship between environmental regulations and the green innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises. The research results show that there are significant regional differences in the efficiency of green innovation in Chinese industrial enterprises, and the relevant regions can basically take into account innovation incentives and environmental protection. Industrial enterprises in the eastern region have higher levels of green innovation efficiency, while the central and western regions have lower levels. There is a significant U-shaped relationship between environmental regulations and green innovation efficiency in the whole country and the eastern region; that is, regional green innovation efficiency decreases first and then increases. The environmental regulations in the central and western regions have no significant impact on green innovation efficiency. Relevant research conclusions have important policy implications for setting reasonable forms of environmental regulations to promote the improvement of green innovation efficiency, and then to build a green economic support belt in China.

Purpose: To conduct a multi-center analysis and assess the economic burden due to dry eye disease (DED) in China.Design: A retrospective and cross-sectional study.Methods: Patients (n = 598) with diagnosed DED were recruited from 3 eye centers (in central, southeast, and northeast China) from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018. Data were collected regarding the examination, pharmacological therapy, and non-pharmacological therapy fees. Sub-group analyses were stratified by eye center, DED severity, types of DED, number of visits to physicians, and residential area. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the variables influencing total costs.Results: The per capita costs devoted to DED at the 3 centers were 422.6, 391.3, and 265.4 USD, respectively. The costs of non-pharmacological therapy accounted the largest part in three centers (75.6, 76.4, 76.5%, respectively). Patients with severe DED sustained the largest economic burden. Patients with mixed type of DED spent the most comparing to patients with either evaporative or aqueous-deficient types of DED. Patients spent more during the first visit compared with subsequent visits. Patients living in urban areas spent significantly more than did those living in rural areas (P = 0.001). The logistics regression analysis showed that total costs were significantly influenced by DED severity, number of visits to physicians, and area of residence (beta = 2.83, 0.83, 1.48; P < 0.0001).Conclusions: DED is a chronic ocular disease that timely non-cost counseling, early diagnosis, and efficacious treatment can reduce its economic burden on patients and the society.

Mixed housing is a widely accepted strategy to promote cohesive communities. However, there remains an enormous amount of heterogeneity in who are mixed, and through what mechanisms. Drawing on a bespoke household survey conducted in Nanjing, China, this paper responds to this gap by measuring how multiple sources of neighborhood mix are associated with different, theoretically-derived dimensions of neighborhood cohesion. The results underscore the multiplicity of the construct of "mix" in everyday life-worlds. We identify varied relationships between neighborhood mix and neighborhood cohesion. Mixing defined in terms of housing tenure and educational backgrounds is linked to greater behavioral cohesion, highlighting the importance of contact spaces and localized knowledge sharing. Contrastingly, income mix lends support to the homophily principle, emphasizing invisible boundaries strengthened by competition over group resources. Mixing of hukou status appears to undermine cognitive cohesion, underscoring the distinctive role played by the hukou regime for governing diversity in China.