The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak in Wuhan, China has dispersed rapidly worldwide. Although most patients present with mild fever, cough with varying pulmonary shadows, a significant portion still develops severe respiratory dysfunction. And these severe cases are often associated with manifestations outside the respiratory tract. Currently, it is not difficult to find inflammatory cytokines upregulated in the blood of infected patients. However, some complications in addition to respiratory system with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are impossible to explain or cannot be attributed to virus itself. Thus excessive cytokines and their potentially fatal adverse effects are probably the answer to the multiple organ dysfunctions and growing mortality. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying cytokine storm, summarizes its pathophysiology and improves understanding of cytokine storm associated with coronavirus infections by comparing SARS-CoV-2 with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

The rapid spread of staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) causes an increased morbidity and mortality, as well as great economic losses in the world. Anti- S. aureus infection becomes a major challenge for clinicians and nursing professionals to address drug resistance. Hence, it is urgent to explore high efficiency, low toxicity, and environmental-friendly methods against S. aureus . Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent great potential in treating S. aureus infection due to the unique features of MOFs including tunable chemical constitute, open crystalline structure, and high specific surface area. Especially, these properties endow MOF-based materials outstanding antibacterial effect, which can be mainly attributed to the continuously released active components and the exerted catalytic activity to fight bacterial infection. Herein, the structural characteristics of MOFs and evaluation method of antimicrobial activity are briefly summarized. Then we systematically give an overview on their recent progress on antibacterial mechanisms, metal ion sustained-release system, controlled delivery system, catalytic system, and energy conversion system based on MOF materials. Finally, suggestions and direction for future research to develop and mechanism understand MOF-based materials are discussed in antibacterial application.

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HIV/AIDS continues to pose a serious burden of morbidity and mortality globally. As reported by WHO, till 2018, there were more than 37.9 million people living with HIV and only 75% of them were aware of their infection status. 1 The spread of HIV/AIDS is alarming to many countries, including China, where the HIV prevalence is <0.1%. 2 In recent years, China has strengthened advocating to improve public awareness of HIV/AIDS. The implementation has gone all out to achieve the UNAIDS/WHO 90-90-90 target, namely

Objective To provide information on clinical, virological, and molecular epidemiological characteristics for early identification, diagnosis, and treatment of acute HIV infection (AHI). Methods A retrospective study was conducted with patients with AHI from 2012 to 2017 in West China Hospital. Results A total of 47 patients with AHI were found using a fourth‐generation kit. Thirteen (27.66%) of these patients were negative if tested by third‐generation tests. Median age of patients with AHI was 26 and 91.49% of them were males. Homosexual contact was responsible for 46.81% of AHI transmission. Among the individuals with AHI, 80.85% were outpatients. Common symptoms/signs were fever, headache, rash, cough and sputum, and sore throat. The syphilis coinfection rate was 17.24%. Most of the AHI was distributed in Fiebig stages IV (61.70%) and II (27.66%) with different clinical and virological characteristics. The increasing trend of cut‐off index values was obvious in the course of AHI, helpful for auxiliary diagnosis. The main genetic forms of AHI were CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE, and a rare subtype CRF55_01B in Sichuan province was found. The drug resistance mutation rate was relatively high (17.65%) and five different mutations were identified. Conclusions Fourth‐generation assays are strongly recommended for screening AHI compared to third‐generation ones. Different clinical and virological characteristics in different Fiebig stages were found. Young individuals and outpatients were the majority of patients with AHI and this deserves special attention. Attention should also be paid to the rare CRF55_01B in Sichuan province and surveillance of HIV resistance ought to be strengthened.