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This paper develops a charge pricing model for private charging piles (PCPs) by considering the environmental and economic effects of private electric vehicle (PEV) charging energy sources and the impact of PCP charging load on the total load. This model simulates users' responses to different combinations of peak-valley prices based on the charging power of PCPs and user charging transfer rate. According to the regional power structure, it calculates the real-time coal consumption, carbon dioxide emissions reduction, and power generation costs of PEVs on the power generation side. The empirical results demonstrate that the proposed peak-valley time-of-use charging price can not only minimize the peak-valley difference of the total load but also improve the environmental effects of PEVs and the economic income of the power system. The sensitivity analysis shows that the load-shifting effect of PCPs will be more obvious when magnifying the number of PEVs by using the proposed charging price. The case study indicates that the proposed peak, average, and valley price in Beijing should be 1.8, 1, and 0.4 yuan/kWh, which can promote the large-scale adoption of PEVs.

More than 1.2 billion kW wind and solar power generation will be integrated in China by 2030. The new provincial renewable portfolio standard, officially implemented in 2020, establishes an efficient bridge between rapid capacity growth and limited accommodation capability. A data-driven prospect analysis framework was proposed to evaluate the activated potential under two kinds of nearby accommodation approaches and to explore the completion prospect of this new obligated quota from provincial levels. Empirical results illustrate diverse prospects across regions. Particularly, it is hard for two kinds of provinces to complete their obligated quotas merely via the single nearby accommodation approach: The first one is close to renewable energy resources but lacks flexible peak regulation capability in Northeast and Northwest China, and the other is close to the nationwide load center but lacks nearby integration from renewables in Southeast, North, and Middle China. Therefore, the pathway for the former is to activate more provincial accommodation potential either via releasing system flexibility or by substituting generation right, and the pathway for the latter is to introduce trans-regional or trans-provincial accommodation and import more renewable energy power.

China has declared ambitious carbon emission reduction targets and will integrate increasing shares of variable renewables for the next decades. The implementation for flexibility modification of thermal power units and deep peak regulation ancillary service market alleviates the contradiction between rapid capacity growth and limited system flexibility. This paper establishes three flexibility modification schemes and two price rules for simulation and proposes an analysis framework for unit commitment problem based on mixed-integer linear programming to evaluate the policy mix effects. Results confirm the promoting effects of flexibility modification on integrating variable renewables and illustrate diverse scheme selections under different renewables curtailment. Particularly, there is no need for selecting expensive schemes which contain more modified units and more developed flexibility, unless the curtailment decrement is compulsorily stipulated or worth for added modification cost. Similarly, results also prove the revenue loss compensation effect of deep peak regulation ancillary service market and illustrate diverse price rule selections under different curtailment intervals. Price rule with more subdivided load intervals and bigger price differences among them is more effective, especially under the higher requirement for curtailment rate. Therefore, the government should further enlarge flexibility modification via but not limited to more targeted compensation price, while generators should further consider a demand-based investment.