The novel coronavirus spread worldwide in 2020, causing millions of deaths and disabilities. Even though the virus was considered a respiratory virus, its adverse effects can be detected in several body systems. The article describes COVID-19 disease and its complications in the maxillofacial area. Several complications develop either in response to therapeutic modalities used to treat the underlying disease, or due to overuse of particular medications namely glucocorticoids, antirheumatic agents, interleukin 6-inhibitors, and antibiotics. This article will describe a number of complications ranging from mild complications to severe ones such as osteonecrosis of the upper jaw and facial bones, ophthalmologic and neurological complications. It will also summarize recommendations that will help prevent or minimize these complications.

hospitalized with cavernous sinus thrombosis (im.2). In addition to inflammation, patients had neurological symptoms including headache, dizziness, and so on. Facial nerve paresis in 14 (21%) patients, paresthesia of the trigeminus nerve in 28 (41.8%) patients (n. ophtalmicus -38 (57%), n. maxillaris -40 (60%), n. mandibularis -2 (3%)), paresthesias of the 1st and 2nd horn together in 41 (61%) patients. ConclusionsConsidering that Covid-19 disease leads to severe and long-term complications in the late stages, it is needed to develop measures to prevent complications in patients with predisposition to complications (elderly and chronic comorbidities).

longitudinal study done in a population of hospitalized patients in Brescia. ResultsFirst studies show that not only clinical but also biopsychosocial effects are becoming increasingly important as long as more data are collected. ConclusionsAlthough further research is needed to understand which patients are most vulnerable to neurological manifestations in the acute, long or post COVID-19 disease, however after this first year it is clear that neurological, biopsychosocial and mental health data need to be not only collected but also analysed in a manner that could help the understanding of characteristics, timing, and severity of neurological manifestations of COVID-19.

ConclusionsWe recommend checking renal function before starting even a low dose of baclofen and to keep a close follow up of patients for development of toxicity. Baclofen should not be considered for treatment if an eGFR is less than 30 ml/min. HD should always be instituted urgently for treatment of baclofen toxicity and its neurological complications.

Background and aimsPatients who have undergone Covid-19 with maxillofacial complications suffer from headaches and local pain for a long time. Purpose: monitoring the clinical course of the nature of pain syndrome in the maxillofacial region of patients with Covid-19. MethodsClinical analysis was carried out on 78 patients who applied to the TMA clinic. The average age of patients was 60 ± 9.0 years, including 41 women (54%) and 37 men (46%), with the diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis, maxillar osteomyelitis 1-3 months after the onset of acute Covid-19 disease. During 1years of rehabilitation, the pain was assessed according to a 10-point criterion (pain load -0 points, very strong -10 points) through the questionnaire. ResultsIn addition to inflammation in these patients, include headache, dizziness, n. Facialis paresis in 39 patients, paresthesia of the 3rd corneal nerve in all patients. In the beginning, severe irradiating headaches were observed in 85% of cases, and in some patients, in the absence of taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the need for narcotic analgesics, sedatives, tranquilizers. During observation, severe pain was in 40% of patients (8-10 points), and in 25% of patients, the average simultaneous pain remained within 3.5 ± 0.18 (p ≥ 0.05). In 15% of patients, the headache persisted up to 4-5 (on average) points. The mean pain score was 3.6 ± 0.13 (p ≥ 0.05) in all patients end of the year. ConclusionsIn patients undergoing COVID 19, thrombosis, facial bone necrosis was very long-term, predominant headaches. In 40% of patients, severe pain persisted for years.