In contrast to human capital, cultural and social capital on elderly volunteering appears to be contoured by social contexts.

Korea's religious context is not simple. According to the 2005 Korean Census, the Korean population consists of 23 percent Buddhists, 18 percent Protestants, and 11 percent Catholics, with 47 percent nonreligious. To accurately describe Korean religion in recent periods, we have used 1985, 1995, and 2005 Korean Censuses. We found that Korean people became more religious from 1985 to 1995, but that change was stalled from 1995 to 2005. The percentages of Buddhists and Protestants exhibited little change, and Buddhism continues to be an important religion in the lives of Koreans. Only the number of Catholics increased from 5 percent in 1985 to 11 percent in 2005, and the increasing percentage of Catholics occurred within all subgroups, regardless of age, gender, education, home ownership, and urbanicity.

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In 1984, Shin and Yu proposed that sampling Koreans by simply identifying those with the common surname Kim would yield a representative sample, as determined by geographic distribution. We extend the evidence that individuals with specific common surnames in Korea are representative of the whole population. We found that individuals with any of the five most common Korean surnames, not just Kim, were highly representative in Korea in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes, and health characteristics. In the United States, we found that Kim sampling produces a representative sample of Korean Americans among those who have a Korean surname. While Kim sampling generates a representative sample of Korean American men, it underidentifies Korean