The enzyme activities of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 show a genetic polymorphism, and the frequency of poor metabolizers (PMs) on these enzymes depends on races. We have analyzed frequencies of mutant alleles and PMs based on the published data in previous study (Shimizu, T. et al.: Bioinformatics research on inter-racial difference in drug metabolism, I. Analysis on frequencies of mutant alleles and poor metabolizers on CYP2D6 and CYP2C19.). The study shows that there were racial differences in the frequencies of each mutant allele and PMs. In the present study, the correlation between genotypes and drug-metabolizing enzyme activities was investigated. The result showed that enzyme activities varied according to the genotypes of subjects even in the same race. On the other hand, if subjects had the same genotypes, almost no racial differences were observed in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities. From these results, it was supposed that the racial differences in activities of these enzymes could be explained by the differences in distribution of genotypes. It would be possible to explain the racial differences in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities based on the differences on individual pharmacogenetic background information, not merely by comparison of frameworks such as races and nations.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the values of a noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurement during cuff inflation (inflationary NIBP) and deflationary NIBP measurements and to verify whether inflationary NIBP is equivalent to conventional deflationary NIBP and is acceptable for clinical use in the emergency room (ER).Materials and methodsA total of 2981 NIBP data points were collected from 175 patients (age, 56.5±22.2 years; range, 7–92 years) who had been treated in the resuscitation area of the ER at Keio University Hospital. The data points were obtained using two alternate algorithms with a standard monitor (BSM-6000). One algorithm consisted of continuous inflationary and deflationary measurements in a single cycle (dual algorithm, 1502 data points); this algorithm was used to verify the success rate and the precision of the data. The second algorithm (1479 data points) consisted of only conventional deflationary measurements and was used to verify the duration of the measurement cycle.ResultsThe success rate of the inflationary NIBP (completed using only the inflationary method) was 69.0%. Failures in the inflationary measurements were caused by arrhythmia and/or body motions. The mean difference and SD of the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure between inflationary NIBP and deflationary NIBP were −0.6±8.8 and 3.5±7.5 mmHg, respectively. The confidence intervals were −0.6 (95% confidence interval=−1.1 to −0.1) and 3.5 (95% confidence interval=3.0 to 4.0) mmHg. The coefficients of correlation were 0.96 and 0.93. Inflationary NIBP was capable of determining the NIBP more quickly compared with deflationary NIBP (average of 15.9 vs. 34.2 s; P<0.05).ConclusionInflationary NIBP measurements have a reasonable accuracy and a sufficient rapidity, compared with deflationary NIBP measurements, in ER patients.

Electrodeposition of Zn-polyethyleneimine composite was performed at 10012000 A·m ¹2 and 4.8 © 10 5 C·m ¹2 in agitated sulfate solutions containing 1.84 mol·dm ¹3 of ZnSO 4 and 4 g·dm ¹3 of polyethyleneimine at pH 1.8 and at 313 K: the composite's deposition behavior and the relevant deposits' micro-structure were investigated. The films obtained at current densities above 4000 A·m ¹2 from solutions containing polyethyleneimine exhibited gloss, and the gloss was highest for solutions containing polyethyleneimine with the highest molecular weight (70000). The preferred orientation of deposited Zn crystals changed from {0001} to {1120} and {10 10} in the presence of polyethyleneimine, and the size of the platelet-shaped Zn crystals decreased as the polyethyleneimine molecular weight and current density increased. The deposition of Zn was polarized in the presence of polyethyleneimine, and the degree of polarization increased with the current density and with polyethyleneimine's molecular weight. The C and N contents in deposited films increased as the polyethyleneimine molecular weight and current density increased, indicating an increase in the tendency of polyethyleneimine to be adsorbed onto the cathode. During deposition, polyethyleneimine buffered somewhat the pH increase in the layer of the electrolyte solution in contact with the cathode. At this time, H + ions are released from polyethyleneimine because of an increase in pH in the cathode's vicinity, and consequently, the number of electron lone-pairs in N atoms of polyethyleneimine increased, resulting in an increase in the adsorption ability of polyethyleneimine onto the cathode.

Zn was electrodeposited on an Fe electrode at a current density of 505000 A•m ¹2 , charge of 4 © 10 4 C•m ¹2 , and temperature of 313 K in an unagitated zincate solution containing 0.62 mol•dm ¹3 of ZnO, 4.0 mol•dm ¹3 of KOH or NaOH, and organic additives. The effects of KOH and NaOH on the deposition behavior of Zn in the solution containing the organic additives and on the microstructure of the deposits were investigated. In a solution containing a straight-chain polymer composed of a quaternary ammonium cation (PQ) and a quaternary ammonium salt with a benzene ring (QA), the current efficiency for Zn deposition in a high-current-density region (10005000 A•m ¹2 ) to produce glossy films was higher with KOH than that with NaOH. At high current densities above 1000 A•m ¹2 , the Zn deposition approached the diffusion limitation of ZnO 2 2¹ ions. With the addition of PQ and QA, the diffusion of ZnO 2 2¹ ions was significantly suppressed, and the degree of suppression was smaller with KOH than that with NaOH. The polarization resistance at 200 A•m ¹2 , which was investigated through alternating current impedance, revealed that the adsorption ability of PQ and QA onto the cathode was smaller with KOH than that with NaOH. Since the suppression effect of the additives on the Zn deposition was smaller with KOH than that with NaOH, the current efficiency for Zn deposition in the high-current-density region was larger with KOH. The upper limit of the current density needed to produce glossy films was smaller with KOH than that with NaOH, and spongy thin films were partially observed on platelet crystals obtained at high current densities in the KOH solution. The C content resulting from the additives in the deposited Zn was smaller with KOH because the adsorption ability of PQ and QA onto the cathode was smaller with KOH than that with NaOH.

Electrodeposition of Zn was performed on a Fe electrode at a current density of 20 5000 A•m −2 and a charge of 4 × 10 4 C•m −2 in an unagitated zincate solution containing 0.62 mol•dm −3 of ZnO, 4.0 mol•dm −3 of NaOH and organic additives at 313 K. The effects of organic additives on the deposition behavior of Zn and the microstructure of the deposits were investigated. The lms deposited at current densities higher than 1000 A m −2 from the solution containing additives of a straight chain polymer composed of quaternary ammonium cation PQ and a quaternary ammonium salt with benzene ring QA exhibited the gloss. The polarization curve was separated into a partial polarization curve of Zn deposition and that of hydrogen evolution by using the galvanostatic data of Zn deposition. The overpotentials of charge transfer of Zn deposition and that of ZnO 2 2− ions diffusion increased with additions of PQ and QA. The increase in overpotential was remarkable at potential less noble than −1.5 V. Zn deposition reached the diffusion limit of ZnO 2 2− ions at potential less noble than −1.5 V, indicating that the diffusion of ZnO 2 2− ions was greatly suppressed by PQ and QA. With additions of PQ and QA, the C, N and H were co deposited with Zn, showing that the additives of PQ and QA were incorporated in deposited lms. The size of the Zn crystallite decreased with increasing current density. At a high current density of 5000 A m −2 , the crystallite size decreased furthermore with additions of PQ and QA and the lm showed the smooth surface. The orientation index of the {1010} plane of Zn deposited from the solution containing PQ and QA increased with current density. The change of the crystallite size and crystal orientation of deposited Zn were explained related to the deposition overpotential.