Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) single-order high harmonic pulses with 10 6 photons/pulse were separated from multiple harmonic orders by a time-compensated toroidal-grating monochromator consisting of a pair of toroidal gratings. The first grating separates the harmonic order and the second one compensates for the pulse-front tilt. The center photon energies were tunable between 42 and 23 eV. The separated single harmonic pulses were spatially and temporally characterized as having a spot size of 58 ± 3 µm at the focus, with a shortest pulse duration of 47 ± 2 fs. The developed XUV light source is versatile for application to time-and space-resolved spectroscopy.

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We describe here each rare case of porcelain gallbladder and limy bile, in which abdominal simple X-ray e xamination revealed calcified lesion in the gallbladder. The case of porcelain gallbladder was a 40-year-old male complaining of epigastric pain. Cholecystectomy was carried out. The extirpated gallbladder, with 3 stones in it, had the stony hard and fragile wall due to calcification. Histologically the mucous membrane peeled off, and the wall was associated with diffuse calcification and fibrosis, but no malignancy was found. The other case was a 57-year-old female who was diagnosed as limy bile by X-ray examination and was operated on. The bottom room of the sandglass-shaped gallbladder, due to adenomiomatosis, was filled with limy bile. The main ingredient of the limy bile was calcium carbonate.

The effect of free surface on the formation of solidified structure in horizontal centrifugal casting process has been studied. The filling ratio of the transparent organic substance in the glass cell was changed from 70 to 100%. In case of low filling ratio, the columnar and equiaxed zone formed. On the other hand, when the filling ratio exceeded 95%, no equiaxed grain was observed. The equiaxed zone ratio decreased with increasing the filling ratio. Increasing the filling ratio leads to the decreasing the free surface area and this makes the liquid motion stable. This has been confirmed by the model experiment using silicone oil and plastic particles. Therefore, free surface wave considerably influences on the evolution of solidified structure. Especially, free surface wave affects the equiaxed grain formation and their travelling for a long distance.

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