The study of IGZO was started by Kimizuka et al. in 1985. IGZO is developed as a material for displays. We found crystalline IGZO having c-axis alignment and have studied its application to displays, memories, processors, etc. Crystalline IGZO is expected to be used in a variety of applications.

The energy spectra of cosmic-ray low-energy antiprotons (p's) and protons (p's) have been measured by BESS in 1999 and 2000, during a period covering the solar field reversal. Based on these measurements, a sudden increase of thep/p flux ratio following the solar field reversal was observed as predicted by a drift model of the solar modulation.PACS numbers: 98.70. Sa, 96.40.Kk, 95.85.Ry The real underlying physics of the sun is the 22 year solar magnetic cycle with recurrent positive and negative phases. The magnetic field polarity flips when the solar activity is maximum and the global magnetic field profile reverses in the heliosphere. The most recent field reversal should happen in the beginning of 2000. The solar modulation of cosmic rays is caused by expanding solar wind, which spreads out locally irregular magnetic field and therefore modifies energy spectra of the cosmic rays entering the heliosphere. The positive and negative particles drift in opposite directions, during their propagation in the large scale heliospheric magnetic field. The charge-sign dependence is, therefore, a natural consequence [1] in the solar modulation, and it explains alternate appearances of "flat" and "peaked" periods in neutron monitor data around solar minima. In spite of an emerging understanding that the drift became unimportant for several years around the solar maximum [2], recent works [3][4][5] indicated that the drift produces a strong differentiation between the positive and negative particles even during the high solar activity. This view is supported by measurements of temporal variation in cosmic-ray ratios, such as electrons to helium nuclei (He) [6] and electrons to protons (p's) [7], where the largest variation is associated with the solar field reversal. Antiprotons (p's) and their ratio to p's may be novel probes to study the solar modulation becausep's differ from p's only in the charge sign while electrons would behave differently from He and p's due to their lighter mass [4].In the last solar minimum period, the BESS experiment revealed that the cosmic-rayp spectrum has a distinct peak around 2 GeV [8], which is a characteristic feature of secondaryp's produced by cosmic-ray interactions with interstellar (IS) gas. It has become evident thatp's are predominantly secondary in origin, because several recent calculations of the secondary spectrum basically agree with observations in their absolute values and spectral shapes [4,5,9,10].We report here new measurements of cosmic-rayp and p fluxes and their ratios in the energy range from 0.18 to 4.2 GeV collected in two BESS balloon flights carried out in 1999 and 2000, when the solar activity was maximum. Based on the solar magnetic field data [11], the Sun's polarity reversed between these two flights [12]. With our full set of data [8,[13][14][15], we observed the temporal variation of thep flux andp/p ratio covering the solar minimum, the maximum, and the field reversal.The BESS spectrometer was designed [16,17] and developed [18-21] as a high-resolution ...

The glass-forming region was determined for the system Ge-Bi-Se; 13 at. % Bi was found to be incorporated at its maximum content into glasses, the Ge content of which was 20 at. %. Electrical resistivity, thermoelectric power, and optical absorption coefficient were measured mainly on a series of Ge 20 Bi x Se gO _ x glasses (x = 0 -13). The resisti vity decreased by about four orders of magnitude between x = 9 and 10, and remained almost constant for x,;;. 10. The thermoelectric measurement showed the change of conduction type from p to n, accompanied by the abovementioned abrupt decrease of resistivity. In n-type glasses, hopping conduction in the tail of localized states was proposed in parallel with conduction in extended states. The optical band gap was very slightly changed with the incorporation of more than 2.5 at. % Bi, in contrast to the remarkable decrease in the activation energy for conduction between x = 9 and 10. The discussion based on the concentration of covalent bonds formed in the glasses led to the conclusion that the formation of a fairly large number ofBi-Se bonds and the disappearance ofSe-Se bonds near x = 10 were closely related to the composition dependence of the electrical and optical properties of the glasses in the present system.

Effect of deposition parameters and semi-empirical relations between non-linear refractive index with linear refractive index and third order susceptibility for a-Ge20Se70-xIn10Bix thin films Electrical and optical properties of ntype semiconducting chalcogenide glasses in the system GeBiSe

The vertical absolute fluxes of atmospheric muons and muon charge ratio have been measured precisely at different geomagnetic locations by using the BESS spectrometer. The observations had been performed at sea level (30 m above sea level) in Tsukuba, Japan, and at 360 m above sea level in Lynn Lake, Canada. The vertical cutoff rigidities in Tsukuba (36.2 • N ,140.1 • E) and in Lynn Lake (56.5 • N ,101.0 • W ) are 11.4 GV and 0.4 GV, respectively. We have obtained vertical fluxes of positive and negative muons in a momentum range from 0.6 to 20 GeV/c with systematic errors less than 3 % in both measurements. By comparing the data collected at two different geomagnetic latitudes, we have seen an effect of cutoff rigidity. The dependence on the atmospheric pressure and temperature, and the solar modulation effect have been also clearly observed. We also clearly observed the decrease of charge ratio of muons at low momentum side with at higher cutoff rigidity region.