Abstract. In traditional Korean/Asian medicine, Salvia plebeia R.Br. (S. plebeia) leaves are used to treat inflammatory diseases, including dermatitis, cough, asthma and toothache. Recently, S. plebeia leaves have been applied in skin care, as they promote skin lightening and elasticity. Therefore, the present study investigated the anti-aging effects of S. plebeia leaf methanolic extract and its fractions (dichloromethane, ethylacetate and n-butanol). The results of a whole-cell patch clamp analysis indicated that the methanolic extract mediated ultraviolet (UV)-induced photoaging-associated ion channels, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (ORAI1) channel activity in HEK293T cells overexpressing TRPV1 or ORAI1 and STIM1. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that the butanol fraction inhibited capsaicin-induced TRPV1 (84±8% at -60 mV/86±1% at 100 mV at 100 µg/ml) and ORAI1 (87±2% at -120 mV at 100 µg/ml) currents. Furthermore, the dichloromethane and hexane fractions inhibited tyrosinase activity by 32.4±0.69 and 22.6±0.96% at 330 µg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the ethylacetate and butanol fractions inhibited elastase activity by 65.2±1.30 and 31.7±1.23% at 330 µg/ml, respectively. Tyrosinase and elastase, which are UV-induced photoaging-associated enzymes, regulate skin pigmentation and wrinkle formation, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that S. plebeia leaves may be a novel treatment for UV-induced photoaging. IntroductionThe elderly population is rapidly growing, which has led to an increase in dermatological problems, including eczema, wrinkling and pigmentation. Skin aging is associated with several factors, including genetics, environment, hormonal changes and metabolic processes. Although all of these factors can contribute to skin aging, the environment, particularly solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a prominent mediator of skin aging (1-3). UV radiation exposure activates fibroblast and keratinocyte growth factor receptors, which activate the nuclear activator protein (AP)-1. This produces matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including collagenase (MMP-1), gelatinase B (MMP-9) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), which degrade collagen and elastic fibers, thereby inducing skin wrinkling and laxity (4,5). Neutrophils also mediate sun-induced skin aging. Following UV radiation, neutrophils infiltrate the skin and release dermal elastase, a key elastolytic enzyme (6-8). Following skin exposure to UV radiation, the keratinocytes produce endothelins (ETs), which induce melanocyte proliferation and tyrosinase production. ORAI1, calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1; AP-1, activate the nuclear activator protein; MMPs, metalloproteinases; MMP-1, collagenase; MMP-9, gelatinase B; ET, endothelin; STIM, stromal interaction molecule; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; PKC, calcium-dependent protein kinase C Inhibitory effect of Salvia plebeia leaf extract on ultraviolet-induced photoaging-associated ion channels and enzymes

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. has received considerable attention as a natural product for its applications in cosmetics owing to its anti‐skin wrinkling and whitening effects. The ORAI1 ion channel is known to be involved in UV‐induced photoaging. Additionally, tyrosinase and elastase are key enzymes in the process of wrinkle formation and pigmentation. We determined that A. pilosa leaf extract and its fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n‐butanol) inhibit this channel and associated key enzymes. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp experiments demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction had a potent inhibitory effect on IORAI1 (99 ± 1%) at 100 μg/mL. Ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions had tyrosinase inhibitory activity (46.1 ± 0.84% and 35.7 ± 1.40% at 330 μg/mL, respectively). Additionally, these fractions inhibited elastase activity by 48.3 ± 1.20% and 45.4 ± 1.51% at 330 μg/mL, respectively. Our results suggest that A. pilosa leaves are a potential anti‐wrinkle and whitening agent. Practical Applications Agrimonia pilosa has been widely used for the treatment of sore throat, headache, bloody dysentery, parasitic infection and eczema in traditional oriental medicine. Recently, it has also been used as an external application for the treatment of various dermatological problems, such as healing wounds, diminishing wrinkles, pigmentation and atopic dermatitis. However, to date, no report has detailed the mechanisms of A. pilosa's anti‐photoaging activity. This research revealed that the extract of A. pilosa leaves meditates ORAI1 channel activity and directly inhibits tyrosinase and elastase activity. Therefore, A. pilosa may be a potential therapeutic agent in the prevention of UV‐induced photoaging.

Objectives : 선태는 아토피 피부염에서 소양증 완화를 위해 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 면역계 및 신경계 손상을 일으 킨 rat model에서 선태 추출물이 소양증 완화에 효과가 있는지 알아보고자 한다.Methods : 출생 48시간 이내의 rat을 대상으로, capsaicin(50 mg/kg)을 피하 투여하였다. 임의로 선정된 12마리의 실험 군에 3주 동안 선태 추출물(0.5g/kg)을 매일 경구 투여하였다. 이후 scratching behavior 와 dermatitis score를 측정하였다.Results : 선태 투여군과 대조군에서 scratching number 와 dermatitis score의 차이가 없었다. Conclusions : 위의 결과로부터 capsaicin으로 유발한 아토피 피부염 rat model에서 선태의 소양증 완화 효과가 없다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 아토피 피부염의 효과적인 치료를 위해 면역계 뿐만 아니라 신경계 손상 회복시키는 약물을 찾기 위한 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.