PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the ultrasonographic findings associated with posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) syndrome.MethodsApproval from the Institutional Review Board was obtained. A retrospective review of 908 patients' sonographic images of the upper extremity from January 2001 to October 2010 revealed 10 patients suspicious for a PIN abnormality (7 male and 3 female patients; mean age of 51.8±13.1 years; age range, 32 to 79 years). The ultrasonographic findings of PIN syndrome, including changes in the PIN and adjacent secondary changes, were evaluated. The anteroposterior diameter of the pathologic PIN was measured in eight patients and the anteroposterior diameter of the contralateral asymptomatic PIN was measured in six patients, all at the level immediately proximal to the proximal supinator border. The size of the pathologic nerves and contralateral asymptomatic nerves was compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.ResultsSwelling of the PIN proximal to the supinator canal by compression at the arcade of Fröhse was observed in four cases. Swelling of the PIN distal to the supinator canal was observed in one case. Loss of the perineural fat plane in the supinator canal was observed in one case. Four soft tissue masses were noted. Secondary denervation atrophy of the supinator and extensor muscles was observed in two cases. The mean anteroposterior diameter of the pathologic nerves (n=8, 1.79±0.43 mm) was significantly larger than that of the contralateral asymptomatic nerves (n=6, 1.02±0.22 mm) (P=0.003).ConclusionUltrasonography provides high-resolution images of the PIN and helps to diagnose PIN syndrome through visualization of its various causes and adjacent secondary changes.

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Over the last decade, exsolution has emerged as a powerful new method for decorating oxide supports with uniformly dispersed nanoparticles for energy and catalytic applications. Due to their exceptional anchorage, resilience to various degradation mechanisms, as well as numerous ways in which they can be produced, transformed and applied, exsolved nanoparticles have set new standards for nanoparticles in terms of activity, durability and functionality. In conjunction with multifunctional supports such as perovskite oxides, exsolution becomes a powerful platform for the design of advanced energy materials. In the following sections, we review the current status of the exsolution approach, seeking to facilitate transfer of ideas between different fields of application. We also explore future directions of research, particularly noting the multi-scale development required to take the concept forward, from fundamentals through operando studies to pilot scale demonstrations.

A 57-year-old woman presented with a painless palpable mass of the left breast. This lesion was first recognized by the patient 2 months ago and has shown recent enlargement. Other than a history of total laparoscopic hysterectomy 5 years ago for cervical cancer, she had no remarkable medical history. The physical examination confirmed a palpable soft mass in the left upper outer breast. There was no skin retraction or redness at the overlying skin and there was no ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy.Mammography showed an irregular-shaped hyperdense mass with indistinct and partially obscured margin at the left upper outer breast [Table/ Fig-1]. Conventional B-mode ultrasound (US) and Shear-Wave Elastography (SWE) were performed using Aixplorer ultrasound system (SuperSonic Imagine, Aix en Provence, France) with a 4 to 15 MHz linear array transducer. US revealed a 3.5cm sized complex cystic and solid mass with a partially indistinct and angular margin. It showed mainly posterior acoustic enhancement with parallel orientation. Colour Doppler image showed vessels in peripheral portion of the mass and rim [ Keywords: B-cell lymphoma, Breast, Stiffness, Ultrasonography aBstRaCt Lymphoma is a rare malignancy of the breast, comprising approximately 0.04 to 0.5% of breast malignancies. Because the clinical findings of breast lymphoma are nonspecific and similar to those of breast carcinoma, it is important to distinguish breast lymphoma from other breast disease on the basis of radiologic findings. Elastography is an interesting imaging tool that reflects the tissue stiffness, increasingly being used in the evaluation of breast tumours. However, only a limited number of studies have focused on the elastographic findings of breast lymphoma. In this report, we review the radiologic characteristics of primary breast lymphoma including elastographic feature. A 57-year-old woman presented with a painless palpable mass of the left breast. Ultrasonography revealed an irregular-shaped complex cystic and solid mass with increased vascularity in upper outer breast. On shear wave elastography, the mass was relatively stiff with maximum elasticity value (E max ) of 100.5 kilopascal (kPa). The mass was confirmed as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by US-guided core needle biopsy.that the periphery of the mass was relatively stiff, with maximum elasticity value (E max ) of 100.5 kilopascal (kPa). The mean elasticity value (E mean ) was 93.6 kPa and median elasticity ratio which is the ratio of the E mean in the stiffest portion of the lesion to the E mean in the similar Region of Interest (ROI) in fat, was 24.52 [Table/ Fig-3].The mass was categorized as Category 4b by Breast Imaging [table/ Fig-3]: The colour overlay of SWE image with underlying B-mode image showed that the periphery of the mass is relatively stiff (arrows), with E max of 100.5 kPa and E mean was 93.6 kPa. The median elasticity ratio which is the ratio of the E mean in the stiffest portion of the lesion to the E mean in the similar region of interest (ROI) in fat was...