The genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a new term that describes various menopausal symptoms and signs including not only genital symptoms (dryness, burning, and irritation), and sexual symptoms (lack of lubrication, discomfort or pain, and impaired function, but also urinary symptoms (urgency, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections). The terms vulvovaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis, which were generally used until recently, had a limitation because they did not cover the full spectrum of symptoms and did not imply that the symptoms are related to a decreased estrogen level in menopause. Since the GSM may have a profound negative impact on the quality of life of postmenopausal women, women should be made aware of these problems and treated with an appropriate effective therapy. Thus, in this review we introduce new terminology and discuss the importance of comprehension of GSM and the necessity of active treatment of this syndrome in postmenopausal women.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were explored as a carrier material for the stable isotope 165 Ho and, after neutron capture, its subsequent therapeutic radionuclide, 166 Ho (half-life, 26.8 h), for use in radionuclide therapy of ovarian cancer metastasis. Methods: 165 Ho-MSNs were prepared using 165 Ho-acetylacetonate and MCM-41 silica particles, and stability was determined after irradiation in a nuclear reactor (reactor power, 1 MW; thermal neutron flux of approximately 5.5 · 10 12 neutrons/cm 2 Ás). SPECT/ CT and tissue biodistribution studies were performed after intraperitoneal administration of 166 Ho-MSNs to SKOV-3 ovarian tumor-bearing mice. Radiotherapeutic efficacy was studied by using PET/CT with 18 F-FDG to determine tumor volume and by monitoring survival. Results: The holmium-MSNs were able to withstand long irradiation times in a nuclear reactor and did not release 166 Ho after significant dilution. SPECT/CT images and tissue distribution results revealed that 166 Ho-MSNs accumulated predominantly in tumors (32.8% 6 8.1% injected dose/g after 24 h; 81% 6 7.5% injected dose/g after 1 wk) after intraperitoneal administration. PET/CT images showed reduced 18 F-FDG uptake in tumors, which correlated with a marked increase in survival after treatment with approximately 4 MBq of 166 Ho-MSNs. Conclusion: The retention of holmium in nanoparticles during irradiation and in vivo after intraperitoneal administration as well as their efficacy in extending survival in tumor-bearing mice underscores their potential as a radiotherapeutic agent for ovarian cancer metastasis.

Endometriosis is one of the most common diseases in reproductive ages, and it affects patients' quality of life and fertility. However, few Korean guidelines are available for the evaluation and management of endometriosis. Korean Society of Endometriosis reviewed various literatures and trials, and to provide seventy-one evidence-based recommendations. This review presents guidelines for the diagnosis and management of endometriosis with emphasis on: it's role in infertility, treatment of recurrence, asymptomatic women, endometriosis in adolescents and menopausal women, and possible association of endometriosis with cancer.

Current evidences continue to support the clinical application of bone turnover markers (BTMs) in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The limitations of bone mineral density measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiomet especially emphasize the beneficial roles of BTMs, such as serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and serum procollagen type I N-propeptide, as monitoring tools to assess the responses to treatment. Therefore, the proper application and assessment of BTM in clinical practice is very important. However, their use in Korea is still insufficient. Therefore, the BTM committee has set up by the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research have been constituted and provided a position statement which will suggest on the clinical application of BTM for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Korea.