We developed an automatic opening and closing chamber system (AOCC) based on an open-flow dynamic method (open-flow AOCC). The AOCC can be used during all four seasons, even at the surface of relatively deep snow. We compared the open-flow AOCC with two closed dynamic methods [the AOCC configured as a closed dynamic system (closed dynamic AOCC) and the LI-6400 system] under field conditions. The closed dynamic-AOCC and LI-6400 measurements were about 15.4% and 5.2% lower, respectively, than the values obtained with the open-flow AOCC. There was a significant difference in soil respiration rate between the open-flow AOCC and the closed dynamic AOCC system. In contrast, no significant difference in soil respiration rate was detected between the open-flow AOCC and the LI-6400 system. In the field, the openflow AOCC permitted continuous long-term measurements under a range of temperature conditions and did a good job of reflecting the marked daily and seasonal variations in soil respiration as a function of soil temperature.

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πle soil and vege때on charac얻뼈tics of the natural for，않ts and the artificial plantations were compared in the Mt. Garnak areaThe vegetation in our study area, following the Zurich-Montpellier school, was classified into four natural communities and two plan없.tions. Que[iαJS 1]1ongolica, Pωus densif1ora, Que[iαJS serrata, and Quercus variab파 were the best 며araαe따ing species for each of natural communities, whereas Iarix 1， 걷pto1epis and Pinus koraiensis were the majα species for each of plantations.The Quercus ma맹olica was 따ther divided into two subcommunities: the one showed a hi방1 dominance of Rhododendron mucronulatum and the other had no p뼈.cular domin때ce bya sin밍e species.In addition to the above-listed species, Acer pseudo-siebo1dianum, Lespedeza ma뼈nowiczii， Rhododendron S띠lippenbachii， 5tyrax: obassia, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Lindera obtusiloba, Carex siderosticta, Ainsliaea acerifolia and ψodiopogon sibiri， αsap야ared as contributing species for our vegetation 때ssification.πle Que[iαJS mongolica and the Quercus variabilis communities ααmed on relative mesic soil higher org때ic maπ:er， to때 carbon 때d to때 niσogen as opp않ed to the Pinus den뼈ora and the Quercus serrata communi디es. Soil was acidic (pH 4.52 -4.97) in all study sites.Based on the R-NCD analysis and the DBH class distribution, the following successional paths are projeαed: Quercus mongolica • Quercus mongolica -Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community, Pinus densi110ra • Pinus densif10ra α Que[iαJS mongolica commur때， Quercus serrata • Quercus serra없 α Quercus mongoliα commu빼， Quercus v:따"iabi값→ Quercus mongolica community.