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This research is primarily intended to explore a novel way to monitor desiccation of inland wetland by combining MNDWI (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The changes for vegetation and water condition on Upo Wetland located at southeastern Korea were investigated by MNDWI and NDVI derived from 2002, 2010 Landsat data. The integrated use of MNDWI and NDVI made it possible to identify area-wide vegetation cover changes and to assess water storage changes on multi-annual time scales simultaneously. Comparing MNDWI with NDVI reveals the quantitative evidences for anthropogenic and environmental influences (such as road, building, water) causing an accelerated wetland desiccation. In fact, our monitoring approach raises critical issues regarding the hydrological cycle and its inter-annual changes for inland wetland under threat of drying up and highlights the important role of MNDWI and NDVI integration for any urgent or long-term treatment plan. This research presents scientific and objective evidences to support integrated approach of NDVI and MNDWI in exploring drying up trends of wetlands.

Motivated by the limited understanding of future changes in Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs), we investigated characteristics of warm‐season (June‐August) MCSs in the central United States based on high‐resolution convection‐permitting Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations. We examined two 15‐year simulations, which include current simulations (2004‐2018) forced by ECMWF reanalysis version 5 (ERA5) and future simulations (2086‐2100) forced by perturbed ERA5 (i.e., ERA5 + climate change signal derived from 28 Coupled Intercomparison Projected Phase 6 models under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway‐Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 emission scenario). The initiations and longevities of MCSs were determined using the object tracking algorithm MODE‐Time Domain (MTD) from observation (OBS), current simulations (ERA), and future simulations (PGW). MTD‐identified objects were divided into short‐/long‐lived (based on 75th percentiles of longevity) and daytime (initiated during 00‐11 UTC)/nighttime (initiated during 12‐23 UTC). We found that ERA and OBS have comparable occurrences of MCSs. MCSs in PGW are associated with intensified rain rates (RR) in New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas and lower RR in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas than in ERA. Moreover, the statistical analysis based on 15 parameters before MCSs initiation indicates that short‐lived MCSs in PGW are characterized by prominent changes in precipitable water (PW) and the most unstable convective available potential energy (MUCAPE). We also found that long‐lived MCSs in PGW are associated with prominent changes in PW, MUCAPE, and isentropic potential vorticity at 345K. According to the statistical results, PW is the most important variable in determining the longevity of MCSs and in understanding future changes.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.