Hemorrhagic cystitis is defined by lower urinary tract symptoms that include dysuria, hematuria, and hemorrhage and is caused by viral or bacterial infection or chemotherapeutic agents. Reports of hemorrhagic cystitis caused by non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS) are extremely rare.We report a case of a 41-year-old man with hemorrhagic cystitis from NTS that caused massive bleeding and shock. The patient was hospitalized for uncontrolled diabetes and obstructive uropathy related to severe cystitis. A urine culture was positive for group D NTS. This case demonstrated that hemorrhagic cystitis in a patient with a risk factor such as diabetes can be a manifestation of local extra-intestinal NTS infection.

Purpose:We quantified the familial risk of renal cell cancer (RCC) among first-degree relatives (FDRs) on a population level, and examined interactions between family history and body mass index or blood glucose.Materials and Methods:Using the National Health Insurance database, which covers the entire Korean population, and the National Health Screening Program, we constructed a cohort of 5,524,403 individuals with blood-related FDRs and their lifestyle factors from 2002 to 2018. We calculated familial risk using incidence risk ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals, which compares the risk of individuals with and without FDR. The combined effect and interaction of a given risk factor and family history of RCC were measured by the relative excess risk due to interaction.Results:Individuals with affected FDRs showed a 2.29-fold (95% CI 1.68–3.13) increased risk of disease. Familial risk adjusted for lifestyle factors showed minimal attenuation (IRR 2.25; 95% CI: 1.65–3.08), suggesting that genetic predisposition is the main contributor in the familial aggregation of RCC. Individuals with both a positive family history and overweight/obesity (IRR 3.71, 95% CI 2.50–4.92) or hyperglycemia (IRR 4.52, 95% CI 2.59–6.45) had a significantly higher risk that exceeded the sum of their individual risks, suggesting an interaction that was statistically significant (relative excess risk due to interaction 95% CI: 0.91, −0.21–2.12; 2.21, 0.28–4.14).Conclusions:Our findings suggest an interaction between genetic and environmental factors, namely obesity and hyperglycemia. Individuals with both factors should be considered a high-risk group and advised to undergo genetic counseling.

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