Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep and pain. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Electronic database and manual searches were conducted on all published studies reporting the effects of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep, and pain. Forty four studies were eligible including 15 studies associated with fatigue, 18 with sleep, and 11 with pain. The effects of foot reflexology were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.0. The homogeneity and the fail-safe N were calculated. Moreover, a funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. Results: The effects on fatigue, sleep, and pain were not homogeneous and ranged from 0.63 to 5.29, 0.01 to 3.22, and 0.43 to 2.67, respectively. The weighted averages for fatigue, sleep, and pain were 1.43, 1.19, and 1.35, respectively. No publication bias was detected as evaluated by fail-safe N. Foot reflexology had a larger effect on fatigue and sleep and a smaller effect on pain. Conclusion: This meta-analysis indicates that foot reflexology is a useful nursing intervention to relieve fatigue and to promote sleep. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of foot reflexology on outcome variables other than fatigue, sleep and pain.

These results suggest that changes in various sociocultural aspects have increased the risk of developing eating disorders in Korea, and support the sociocultural hypothesis of eating disorders.

The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that persons with a low risk of falling should practice t'ai chi for 3 months to improve their balance. The effects of t'ai chi on balance in those with a high risk of falling were small but significant at 3 months, supporting the safety and effectiveness of t'ai chi. It is important to select reliable and sensitive measures for balance to examine the effects of t'ai chi.

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There is potential for patients with CAD to participate in and benefit from nontraditional CR programs, and such CR could play a role in secondary prevention of CAD.