Objective: Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is a multifactorial condition that involves frequent uterine anatomical abnormalities, parental karyotype abnormalities, and clotting disorders. We investigate the potential roles of endometrium FoxP3 + Tregs and CD56+ cells (uNK cells) and endometrial expression of PGRMC1 in the development of recurrent miscarriage. Study design: This prospective study included 102 out of 286 cases of SA patients. The cases were divided into groups with RM (+RM) and without RM (-RM). Immunohistochemistry staining was made using primary antibodies to FoxP3, CD56, and PGRMC1 in both groups. Morphometry analyses were carried out in 10 non-overlapping high power fields. Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher two-tail test, correlation analysis and relative risk (RR) were evaluated. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: An increased presence of CD56-positive (p<0.001) and FoxP3 + Treg (p= 0.0005) cells was found in the endometrium, with a reduction in PGRMC1 expression compared with-RM group (p= 0.004). A positive correlation was shown between the number of CD56-positive cells and FoxP3 + cells (r= 0.55), and an inverse correlation with PGRMC1 (r=-0.35) in the +RM group. A similar observation was found in the-RM group, with a positive correlation of uNK cell number with the number of pregnancies (p<0.001; r = 0.34). Endometrial infiltration of CD56-positive (p<0.0001) and FoxP3 + (p<0.0001) cells revealed an increased relative risk of RM. This increased risk was also revealed in SA with a loss of PGRMC1 expression (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Our prospective study suggests, for the first time, that increased endometrial infiltration of uNK, FoxP3 + Treg cells and a decreased PGRMC1 expression may play potential roles in the development of RM.

Although the conventional gamma ray brachytherapy has been successful in treating endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (EC), the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this anti-tumorigenic response remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether gamma ray irradiation induces changes in the number of FoxP3 + T-regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs), CD56 + natural killer cells (NK), and the expression of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Materials and Methods: According to the inclusion criteria, 127 cases were selected and grouped into irradiation-treated (Rad + ) and control (underwent surgery) groups and analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Predictive prognostic values were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, ROC analysis, relative risk, log-rank, Spearman rank tests and multivariate Cox's regression. Results: We observed significant differences (p < 0.001) between the radiation-treated patients and the control groups in FoxP3 + Tregs numbers, CD56 + NK cells and PGRMC1 expression. Gamma ray induced a 3.71-and 3.39-fold increase in the infiltration of FoxP3 + cells, CD56 + NK cells, respectively and 0.0034-fold change in PGRMC1 expression. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed predictive role of the parameters. In the irradiated patients' group, inverted correlations between clinical unfavorable outcome, FoxP3 + Tregs and CD56 + NK cells were observed. Conclusion:Our results suggest an immune-modulating role, specifically by increasing immune cell infiltration, of gamma radiation in the TME which may potentially be utilized as biomarkers in prognostic values.

Objective. To measure leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels in patients with endometrial hyperplastic processes.Materials and methods. 90 patients were included in the study, 70 with hyperplastic endometrial processes made up the main group, 20 with morphologically normal endometrium were included in the comparison group. The concentration of leptin and the soluble leptin receptor in the blood serum was measured by the method of enzyme immunoassay, the clinical and anamnestic characteristics of the disease were studied Results. There were no significant differences between the groups when comparing serum leptin levels: in the study group, the hormone level was 6,01 (3,64;7,50) ng/ml, in the comparison group — 6,44 (3,55;10,11) ng/ml (z = 0,61, p = 0,54). The level of soluble leptin receptor was significantly lower in patients in the main group and was 8531 (5697; 15895) ng/ml, and 16181 (10696; 20251) ng/ml in the comparison group (z = 2.614, p = 0.008).Conclusion. Patients with endometrial hyperplastic processes are characterized by a decreased level of the soluble leptin receptor, whereas a leptin level has no significant differences compared to those in patients without endometrial pathology. The identified condition causes a defect in the signal transmission from the leptin receptor and a decrease in the hormone transport, leading to a disruption of the biological action of leptin. The established level of soluble leptin receptor < 14769 pg/ml, in combination with ultrasound examination, will increase the efficiency of diagnostic measures to detect endometrial hyperplastic processes.

In the article the possible ways of HPV prevalence in children in the family circle have been examined, as well as the probability of each of the possible transmission ways has been assessed for the infection manifestation in different age groups. The possibilities of preventive measures against infection of children in the present-day conditions were considered.

16. Frezza M, Gorji N, Melato M. The histopathology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced gastroduodenal damage: correlation with Helicobacter pylori, ulcers, and haemorrhagic events.