Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that share components of their parent cells and are attractive in biotechnology and biomedical research as potential disease biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents. Crucial to realizing this potential is the ability to manufacture high‐quality exosomes; however, unlike biologics such as proteins, exosomes lack standardized Good Manufacturing Practices for their processing and characterization. Furthermore, there is a lack of well‐characterized reference exosome materials to aid in selection of methods for exosome isolation, purification, and analysis. This review informs exosome research and technology development by comparing exosome processing and characterization methods and recommending exosome workflows. This review also provides a detailed introduction to exosomes, including their physical and chemical properties, roles in normal biological processes and in disease progression, and summarizes some of the on‐going clinical trials.

A metal-nitride-oxide-silicon (MNOS) one-time-programmable cell with fast programming, high reliability, and fully low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon (LTPS) panel compatible process has been proposed for system-on-panel applications. This cell adopting tunneling programming scheme has a very wide reading window with superior program efficiency. Furthermore, fast program efficiency and high disturb immunity are both obtained in the LTPS panel technology by a divided voltage operation. Through channel FN programming, superior data retention and low-power operation are therefore achieved. The new embedded MNOS cell has provided a promising one-time-programming memory solution on the LTPS panels' applications.Index Terms-Fully compatible, low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS), one-time programmable (OTP), thin-film transistor (TFT).

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As a prominent approach to treat intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, disc transplantation still falls short to fully reconstruct and restore the function of native IVD.Here, we introduce an IVD scaffold consists of a cellulose-alginate double network hydrogel-based annulus fibrosus (AF) and a cellulose hydrogel-based nucleus pulposus (NP). This scaffold mimics native IVD structure and controls the delivery of Growth Differentiation Factor-5 (GDF-5), which induces differentiation of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In addition, this IVD scaffold has modifications on MSC homing peptide and RGD peptide which facilitate the recruitment of MSCs to injured area and enhances their cell adhesion property. The benefits of this double network hydrogel are high compressibility, shape memory effect, and mechanical strength comparable to native IVD. In vivo animal study demonstrates successful reconstruction of injured IVD including both AF and NP. These findings suggest that this double network hydrogel can serve as a promising approach to IVD regeneration with other potential biomedical applications.

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