Emotion is a pervasive phenomenon whose pivotal impacts on cognition have been proposed and increasingly acknowledged (e.g., operator effect and “(de-)energizing” effect; cf. Ciompi & Panksepp, 2005; Damasio, 2003; LeDoux, 2012). In accordance with this, second language acquisition (SLA) studies have recently seen an “affective turn” (Pavlenko, 2013) and several theories have been proposed and studies conducted concerning the effect of affect in SLA from such perspectives as motivation (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2011), foreign language anxiety/enjoyment (Dewaele & MacIntyre, 2016), Directed Motivational Currents (Dörnyei, Henry, & Muir, 2016), and emotional intelligence (Gregersen & MacIntyre, 2017; Kanazawa, 2016b). The purpose of the experiments was to examine whether emotion-involved semantic processing (EmInvSemProc) results in better incidental L2 memory performance compared to other types of semantic processing (viz., a lexical decision task [LDT] for Experiment A and an imageability judgment task [IJT] for Experiment B).

<p>In this paper, the author theoretically elaborated on the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis (Kanazawa, 2021 in <em>Sage Open</em>) via three fundamental questions. Utilizing the undereappreciated phaneroscopic categories of Charles Sanders Peirce and via a plethora of previous findings in psychology, philosophy, and neuroscience, the author proposed a novel and promising conceptual framework of Monadic, Dyadic, and Triadic Emotions that has multiple advantages and significant potentiality for applying in different disciplinary investigations on emotion. The trans-disciplinary potentiality of the conceptual framework proposed in this manuscript will not only intrigue readers from diverse academic domains but also provide alternative analysis perspectives to help researchers delve deeper into conceptualizing emotions and giving rationales to research findings.</p>

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Emotion plays important roles in learning, memory, and other cognitive processes; it does so not only in the form of macro-level emotion (e.g., salient affective states and self-reportable motivational currents) but also in the form of micro-level emotion (e.g., subtle feelings and linguistic attributes that are usually processed subconsciously without special attention). According to the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis (EIPH), processing that draws attention to emotional aspects (EmInvProc+) is postulated as a deeper version of semantic processing which has cognitive advantage to facilitate linguistic processing and retention more than non-emotional semantic processing (EmInvProc−). This study empirically investigated whether the EIPH can be experimentally corroborated for learners of a distant foreign language (viz., Japanese learners of English). In the experiment, participants processed visually presented English words that were either positively or negatively valenced under different conditions, followed by the test session in which they engaged in memory tests. Two processing modes were compared (EmInvProc+ vs. EmInvProc−). The dependent variables were correct recall frequency, correct recognition frequency, and correct recognition reaction time. It was revealed that EmInvProc+ was more cognitively facilitatory in making stronger foreign language lexical memory traces than EmInvProc− for all the measures employed in the experiment, regarding both accuracy (correct response frequency) and fluency (correct response reaction time). Therefore, it is implied that EmInvProc+ can be regarded as a sui generis deeper level of processing that is qualitatively distinguishable from mere semantic processing, supporting the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis.

<p>In this paper, the author theoretically elaborated on the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis (Kanazawa, 2021 in <em>Sage Open</em>) via three fundamental questions. Utilizing the undereappreciated phaneroscopic categories of Charles Sanders Peirce and via a plethora of previous findings in psychology, philosophy, and neuroscience, the author proposed a novel and promising conceptual framework of Monadic, Dyadic, and Triadic Emotions that has multiple advantages and significant potentiality for applying in different disciplinary investigations on emotion. The trans-disciplinary potentiality of the conceptual framework proposed in this manuscript will not only intrigue readers from diverse academic domains but also provide alternative analysis perspectives to help researchers delve deeper into conceptualizing emotions and giving rationales to research findings.</p>