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Two new [asperxins A (1) and B (2)] and four known (3-6) aflatoxins were isolated and identified from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. Y-2, which was derived from the needles of the critically endangered conifer Abies beshanzuensis. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods. Among the isolates, compounds 1 and 5 showed considerable cytotoxicities against the A549 and Hela human cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values in the range of 7.5-16.8 μM.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as a novel and promising approach for the treatment of pathogenic microorganism infections. The efficacy of aPDT depends greatly on the behavior of the photosensitizer. Herein, we report the design, preparation, antimicrobial photodynamic activities, as well as structure–activity relationships of a series of photosensitizers modified at the meso position of a 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl BODIPY scaffold with various pyridinyl and pyridinium moieties. The photodynamic antimicrobial activities of all photosensitizers have been tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The methyl meso-(meta-pyridinium) BODIPY photosensitizer (3c) possessed the highest phototoxicity against these pathogens at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.63 to 1.25 μM with a light dose of 81 J/cm2. Furthermore, 3c exhibited an impressive antimicrobial efficacy in S. aureus-infected mice wounds. Taken together, these findings suggest that 3c is a promising candidate as the antimicrobial photosensitizer for combating pathogenic microorganism infections.

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