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Oil and gas reservoirs can cause increased attenuation of seismic waves, which can be revealed by time-frequency analysis for direct detection of hydrocarbons. In this paper, a new method applying the empirical wavelet transform (EWT) in association with the synchroextracting transform (SET), named EWT-SET, is proposed as an improved time-frequency analysis method for hydrocarbon detection. The SET is a novel time-frequency analysis method which can be considered as a post-processing procedure of short-time Fourier transform and can improve the energy concentration of the time-frequency representation by retaining only the time-frequency information most related to the signal time-varying features. Given the potential limitations of SET for broadband nonstationary seismic signals, using the EWT-SET method which applies SET to the signal after EWT decomposition, not only effectively extracts time-varying features of seismic signals but also improves the performance of SET in concentrating instantaneous energy. The preliminary model tests demonstrate that EWT-SET can effectively depict the location and extent of attenuation anomalies related to hydrocarbons with changing thicknesses of the gas-bearing layer. Application to field data further confirms the capacity for hydrocarbon detection of the presented method. Thus, the EWT-SET method shows significant application prospects and promotion value for hydrocarbon detection.