Notes on 113 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper, including 11 new genera, 89 new species, one new subspecies, three new combinations and xx reference specimens. A wide geographic and taxonomic range of fungal taxa are detailed. In the Ascomycota the new genera Angustospora (Testudinaceae), Camporesia (Xylariaceae), Clematidis, Crassiparies (Pleosporales genera incertae sedis), Farasanispora, Longiostiolum (Pleosporales genera incertae sedis), Multilocularia (Parabambusicolaceae), Neophaeocryptopus (Dothideaceae), Parameliola (Pleosporales genera incertae sedis), and Towyspora (Lentitheciaceae) are introduced. Newly introduced species are Angustospora nilensis, Aniptodera

DNA damage can occur naturally or through environmental factors, leading to mutations in DNA replication and genomic instability in cells. Normally, natural d-nucleotides were selected by DNA polymerases. The template l-thymidine (l-T) has been shown to be bypassed by several types of DNA polymerases. However, DNA replication fidelity of nucleotide incorporation opposite l-thymidine in vivo remains unknown. Here, we constructed plasmids containing a restriction enzyme (PstI) recognition site in which the l-T lesion was site-specifically located within the PstI recognition sequence (CTGCAG). Further, we assessed the efficiencies of nucleotide incorporation opposite the l-T site and l-T lesion bypass replication in vitro and in vivo. We found that recombinants containing the l-T lesion site inhibited DNA replication. In addition, A was incorporated opposite the l-T lesion by routine PCR assay, whereas preference for nucleotide incorporation opposite the l-T site was A (13%), T (22%), C (46%), and G (19%), and no nucleotide insertion and deletions were detected in E. coli cells. In particular, a novel restriction enzyme-mediated method for detection of the mutagenic properties of DNA lesion was established, which allows us to readily detect restriction–digestion of the l-T-bearing plasmids. The study provided significant insight into how mirror-image nucleosides perturb the fidelity of DNA replication in vivo and whether they elicit mutagenic effects, which may help to understand both how DNA damage interferes with the flow of genetic information during DNA replication and development of diseases caused by gene mutation.

This article describes experimental and analytical procedures for evaluating the efficiency and fidelity of DNA replication containing mirror‐image thymidine (L‐T) in E. coli. The procedure involves construction of DNA recombinants containing a restriction enzyme (PstI) recognition site in which the L‐T lesion is site‐specifically located within the PstI recognition sequence (CTGCAG). The recombinants are transfected into DH5α cells. DNA is extracted, amplified, and cleaved into relatively short fragments using different combinations of restriction enzymes to facilitate electrophoretic analysis. Detailed explanations for the restriction enzyme–mediated assay for detection of mutagenic properties of mirror‐image thymidine at a predetermined site are also presented. Advantages and limitations of the assay are discussed by comparing it to other techniques used for detecting lesion‐induced mutation efficiency, and a troubleshooting guide is provided. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of oligonucleotides containing L‐T Basic Protocol 2: Construction of DNA recombinants Basic Protocol 3: Mutation analysis of L‐T‐induced replication products using a restriction enzyme–mediated assay