Lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCCs), a significant component of plant cell walls, have been found to bear biological functionality as antioxidants in food and as immunostimulants for living cell. In this work, a lignin-rich and a carbohydrate-rich LCCs preparations were isolated from bamboo residues (bamboo green and bamboo yellow). Each preparation was characterized by chemical composition and LCCs linkage types and quantities by high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) and NMR technologies (quantitative 13C NMR and 2D-HSQC NMR). Furthermore, evaluation of each LCCs preparation’s suitability as antioxidant and immunological substances were explored. Antioxidant assays indicated that all the LCCs preparations exhibited pronounced antioxidant activities for scavenging the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals, while the lignin-rich LCCs outperformed the carbohydrate-rich LCCs. Immunological analysis showed that carbohydrate-rich LCCs could significantly inhibit the growth of breast tumor cells (MCF-7), while lignin-rich LCCs could stimulate the growth of macrophage cells (RAW 264.7). These results imply that LCCs extracted from bamboo may be used as novel and natural antioxidants or immunostimulants.

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Simple SummaryTo keep animals healthy and maintain sustainability, modern poultry production industry uses functional feed additives such as mannanoligosaccharides to minimize the potential threat of disease and protect the intestinal mucosa against invading microorganisms. However, most of them are obtained by chemical synthesis that may cause environmental pollution. Thus, we found a way to produce mannanooligosaccharides by an enzyme called β-mannanase to avoid pollution. This enzyme is produced by the fungus species Aspergillus niger. In the present study, we evaluated such enzymatic mannanooligosaccharide and found it can improve oxidative status and immunity in broiler chickens.AbstractMannanoligosaccharides (MOS) can be used in poultry production to modulate immunity and improve growth performance. So, we hypothesized that our enzymatic MOS could achieve the same effects in broilers. To investigate this, a total of 192 one-day-old Partridge Shank chickens were allocated to four dietary treatments consisting of six replicates with eight chicks per replicate, and they were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g MOS per kg of diet(g/kg) for42 days. Treatments did not affect the growth performance of chickens. Dietary MOS linearly increased the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius and jejunal immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) content, whereas it linearly decreased cecal Salmonella colonies at 21 days (p < 0.05). The concentration of jejunal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and IgG at 42 days as well as ileal sIgA, IgG, and IgM at 21 and 42 days were quadratically enhanced by MOS supplementation (p < 0.05). Also, chickens fed MOS exhibited linear and quadratic reduction in jejunal malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this enzymatic MOS can improve the immune function and intestinal oxidative status of Partridge Shank chickens.

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The utilization of lignin from different lignocellulosic biomass is the hot topic for the biorefinery of biomass. In this paper, magnetic lignin nanoparticles (MLN) were prepared by kraft lignin from bamboo residue and Fe3O4 with different ratios via Mannich reaction. The surface morphology and structure of magnetic lignin were characterized and analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed that the MLN were successfully prepared. The performance of MLN adsorbents was evaluated by adsorbing Congo red solution at different initial concentrations and contact times. The results showed that Fe3O4@lignin (1:0.5) had the best adsorption effect on Congo red solution. When the concentration of Congo red reached 0.6 g/L, Fe3O4@lignin (1:0.5) had the best adsorption effect on Congo red, reaching 95.5% in only 30 min. As lignin is modified by Fe3O4, it can be recovered by magnetic substances after adsorption and has good reuse performance. The results of adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm showed that except for the adsorption process of Fe3O4@lignin (1:0.5), which is consistent with the chemical adsorption of the multimolecular layer, the adsorption process of other adsorbents is in accordance with the chemical adsorption of the monomolecular layer. In terms of environmental protection and adsorption efficiency, and MLN has become an ideal adsorbent for Congo red dyes due to its simple preparation, superior performance, and convenient recovery.