Endophytic fungi are specific microbes that live at a specific ecosystem in nature. Various endophytic fungi have been known posses an ability to produce a broad range of biologically active substances. Totally 53 endophytic filamentous fungi were isolated from leaves, stems, fruits and roots of the two plant varieties of Uncaria gambier Roxb. (Rubiaceae), i.e. gambir udang and gambir nasi. Morphological observation of 53 isolated endophytic filamentous fungi was further divide into two classes, Coelomycetes and Hypomycetes. Fifteen fungi isolates are unidentified due to lack of specific morphological characters. Morphologically identified fungi at genera level are: Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma and Phomopsis. Chemotaxonomic analysis base on their TLC chromatogram patterns of the ethyl acetate extract are in agreement to morphological grouping.

Endophytic fungi have been known to produce a broad range of biologically active secondary metabolites. One endophytic filamentous fungus, Coelomycetes AFKR-18, isolated from the young stems of a yellow moonsheed plant, Arcangelisia flava, has been found to produce pachybasin when placed in a liquid medium. The chemical structure of pachybasin was deduced from MS, 1D-, 2D-NMR spectrum analysis, and from reference data. On a micro-dilution test, pachybasin showed antimicrobial activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, M. luteus, S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, A. niger, and A. flavus, with MIC values of 64.0 µg/mL, and against S. aureus and F. oxysporum with MIC values of 32.0 and 16.0 µg/mL respectively.

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Deer farming has been a well-developed agriculture diversification worldwide since 1970s. To the present time information concerning the nutrient value of velvet antler of sambar deer (Rusa unicolor brookei Hose, 1893) is limited. Therefore, a study on the nutritional quality of velvet antler of captive sambar deer was conducted. Velvet antlers were obtained from captive sambar deer in Penajam Paser Utara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, and were analyzed for its nutritional quality from the hard and soft parts. The results showed that fresh weight of a pair of velvet antler (approx. 70 days post hard antler cast) was 523.1 g (SE = 49.99). In the soft part of the velvet antler, ash content was 25.9% DM (SE= 0.78) as compared to 40.4% DM (SE = 1.07) in hard part, whilst the lipid and protein contents from the soft part were 3.3% DM (SE = 0.20) and 70.8% DM (SE = 2.07), respectively, higher compared to those in the hard part being 1.9% DM (SE = 0.12) and 59.5% DM (SE = 1.92), respectively. From the study it can be concluded that the production of velvet antler from captive sambar deer seemed to be far from its genetic potency, and the nutritional qualities of the velvet antler contents were not different from the red deer Cervus elaphus.

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