Nanopores embedded in two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are a promising emerging technology for osmotic power generation. Here, coupling our new AFM-based pore fabrication approach, tip-controlled local breakdown (TCLB), with a hybrid membrane formed by coating silicon nitride (SiN) with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), we show that high osmotic power density can be obtained in systems that do not possess the thinness of atomic monolayers. In our approach, the high osmotic performance arises from charge separation induced by the highly charged hBN surface rather than charge on the inner pore wall. Moreover, exploiting TCLB’s capability of producing sub 10 nm pore arrays, we investigate the effects of pore–pore interaction on the overall power density. We find that an optimum pore-to-pore spacing of ∼500 nm is required to maintain an efficient selective transport mechanism.

We propose a polarization volume grating (PVG), which exhibits nearly 100% diffraction efficiency and large diffraction angle. Both reflective and transmissive PVGs can be configured depending on application preference. Such a PVG is polarization-sensitive so that it can split an incident unpolarized beam into two well-separated yet polarized beams. These outstanding features make PVG a strong candidate for photonic and display applications. To investigate and optimize the diffraction properties, we build a rigorous simulation model based on finite element method. To illustrate its potential applications, we propose a simple 2D/3D wearable display using a planar waveguide comprising of two reflective PVGs.

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Abstract— A method is proposed to measure and characterize motion artifacts in matrix displays. By using a fast, V(λ)‐corrected photodiode and a data‐acquisition system, accurate measurements of the temporal luminance behavior (step response) are recorded. The motion artifacts of LCDs and PDP displays are predicted from these measurements using the properties of the human‐visual system. The method is validated with perceptual evaluation experiments, for which a new evaluation protocol is established. In the end, new measures are proposed to quantify the motion‐rendering performance of these matrix displays.

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