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We established a rabbit model of acute massive pulmonary embolism (PE) with associated circulatory shock using autologous blood clots. Rabbits were randomly assigned to a sham operation group (S group), model group (M group; equal volume of saline intravenously after shock), and sodium nitroprusside group (SNP group; sodium nitroprusside intravenously after shock). SNP treatment significantly decreased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and increased mean arterial pressure and arterial partial pressure of oxygen and resulted in a partial reversal of the acute circulatory failure. The shock-reversal rate was 0% in the M group and 80% in the SNP group. Moreover, pulmonary artery angiography and echocardiography examinations evidenced alleviated PE-induced changes after SNP therapy. 5-Hydroxytryptamine was significantly reduced in both PE and non-PE tissues, thromboxane A level was significantly reduced in PE and tended to be lower in non-PE tissues, neutrophil accumulation was significantly reduced in both PE and non-PE tissues after SNP therapy. Our study demonstrated that pulmonary vasospasm in the nonembolic region might be a major pathologic factor leading to reduced left ventricular filling and circulatory shock after massive PE. Reduction of pulmonary vasospasm in the nonembolic area after SNP might serve as a major therapeutic mechanism involved in the observed beneficial effects of SNP in this model.

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The intestine is not only an important digestive organ but also an important immune organ for shrimp; it plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis. Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a new type of shrimp-lethal virus that has received extensive attention in recent years. To date, most studies of the shrimp intestinal immune response under viral infections have relied on single omics analyses; there is a lack of systematic multi-omics research. In the current study, intestinal mRNA-seq and microRNA (miRNA)-seq analyses of Marsupenaeus japonicus under DIV1 infection were performed. A total of 1,976 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 32 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified. Among them, 21 DEMs were negatively correlated with 194 DEGs from a total of 223 correlations. Functional annotation analysis revealed that M. japonicus can regulate glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis (chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate), vitamin metabolism (retinol metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism), immune pathway activation (Toll and IMD signaling pathways, Wnt signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, and Hippo signaling pathway), immunity enzyme activity promotion (triose-phosphate isomerase), antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell apoptosis through miRNAs to participate in the host’s antiviral immune response, while DIV1 can influence Warburg effect-related pathways (pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and citrate cycle), glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-related pathways (glycosphingolipid biosynthesis—globo and isoglobo series and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis—lacto and neolacto series), and the tight junction and adhesion junction of the intestinal mucosal epithelium through the host’s miRNAs and mRNA to promote its own invasion and replication. These results indicate that intestinal miRNAs play important roles in the shrimp immune response against DIV1 infection. This study provides a basis for further study of the shrimp intestinal antiviral immune response and for the formulation of effective new strategies for the prevention and treatment of DIV1 infection.