Bacterial cellulose (BC), which can be produced by microorganisms, is an ideal biomaterial especially for tissue engineering and drug delivery systems thanks to its properties of high purity, biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, high crystallinity, 3 D nanofiber structure, porosity and high-water holding capacity. Therefore, wide ranges of researches have been done on the BC production process and its structural and physical modifications to make it more suitable for certain targeted biomedical applications thoroughly. BC’s properties such as mechanical strength, pore diameter and porosity can be tuned in situ or ex situ processes by using various polymer and compounds. Besides, different organic or inorganic compounds that support cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation or provide functions such as antimicrobial effectiveness can be gained to its structure for targeted application. These processes not only increase the usage options of BC but also provide success for mimicking the natural tissue microenvironment, especially in tissue engineering applications. In this review article, the studies on optimisation of BC production in the last decade and the BC modification and functionalisation studies conducted for the three main perspectives as tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound dressing with diverse approaches are summarized.

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We investigated the optimization of bacterial cellulose (BC) production from sugar beet molasses by Gluconacetobacter xylinus NRRL B-759 in static culture. The optimization studies were performed using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The independent variables were the molasses concentration, inoculation ratio and culture volume. The dependent variable was BC production yield. From the optimization tests, based on the model developed by RSM-ANOVA, it was found that binary interactions between molasses concentration–culture volume and inoculation ratio–culture volume had the most significant influence on the responses. The optimum conditions were as follows: 78.932 g/L molasses concentration, 12.973% inoculation ratio, and 130.405 mL of culture volume. The obtained BC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis. The characterization results obtained in the study revealed that the produced BC exhibited typical FTIR spectrum, elemental composition, and nanofiber structure.