Traditional human emotion recognition is based on electroencephalogram (EEG) data collection technologies which rely on plenty of rigid electrodes and lack anti‐interference, wearing comfort, and portability. Moreover, a significant distribution difference in EEG data also results in low classification accuracy. Here, on‐skin biosensors with adhesive and hydrophobic bilayer hydrogel (AHBH) as interfaces for high accuracy emotion classification are proposed. The AHBH achieves remarkable adhesion (59.7 N m−1) by combining the adhesion mechanism of catechol groups and electrostatic attraction. Meanwhile, based on the synergistic effects of hydrophobic group rearrangements and surface energy reduction, the AHB‐hydrophobic layer exhibits 133.87° water contact angles through hydrophobic treatment of only 0.5 h. Hydrogen and electrostatic bonds are also introduced to form a seamless adhesive‐hydrophobic hydrogel interface and inhibit adhesion attenuation, respectively. With the AHBH as an ideal device/skin interface, the biosensor can reliably collect high‐quality electrophysiological signals even under vibration, sweating, and long‐lasting monitoring condition. Furthermore, the on‐skin electrodes, data processing, and wireless modules are integrated into a portable headband for EEG‐based emotion classification. A domain adaptive neural network based on the transfer learning technique is introduced to alleviate the effect of domain shift and achieve high classification accuracy.

Electronic-skin (E-skin) has been investigated extensively for robotic tactile sensing. However, E-skin sensors based on flexible metamaterials are still challenging to achieve. Moreover, the implementation of E-skin sensor arrays in the actual monitoring of robotic grasping and manipulation conditions are rather limited due to the difficulty in data processing. Herein, highperformance E-skin strain sensors based on flexible auxetic metamaterials are reported, which endow the sensors with the capability of measuring both compressive (40%) and tensile (>80%) strain in a wide range and superior sensitivity, as compared with sensors without the structure. With perception data collected by the sensors, a generic method for real-time detection of unstable robotic grasping is established. Through this method, the complicated problem of processing large-scale arrayed sensor signals is simplified into the calculation of two indices, which extract both time and frequency domain characteristics of the signals. The total detection time (including sensor measurement response and data processing) can be as short as 100 ms, in line with human skin response in slippage perception. Accurate detections in real-time during various grasping and manipulation tasks are presented, demonstrating the great value of the sensors and the detection approach in robotic perception and dexterous manipulation.

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Surgical robots are landmark products of high-end medical equipment, and the realization of tactile sensation is a major challenge in this important cutting-edge research field. Aiming to address this issue, we present ultra-sensitive ionic electronic skin in the form of flexible capacitive pressure sensors, which incorporate multistage bionic microstructures (MBM) in ion gels for monitoring delicate operations of surgical robots. Significantly, the ionic skin exhibits ultra-high sensitivity of 9484.3 kPa−1 (< 15 kPa), and the sensitivity remains higher than 235 kPa−1 in the wide range of 15 -155 kPa. The device has also achieved a detection limit as low as 0.12 Pa or equivalently 0.31 mg, fast response within 24 ms, and high robustness of loading/unloading for 5000 cycles without fatigue. The sensor facilitates the challenging tasks of tele-operated robotic threading, which exceeds the human tactile perception limit in handling the thread through the eye of a needle. We have also validated that ionic skin can be used in robot-assisted invasive surgery, such as incision/resection of tissues and suture of wound, to provide tactile information to surgeons to improve the operation success rates. The flexible ionic skin is capable of conforming to various shapes of robotic manipulators, thus has great promise for applications in robotic dexterous manipulation, prosthetics, and human-machine interfaces.