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Innovation in services has become a topic of interest to researchers due to the worldwide shift to "services" economics. This comes from the growth of services economies and the shift to services businesses by manufacturing industries, including IT-related industries. This growth of services encourages us to study basic business system changes from product-based to service economies and to define the fundamental challenges to accelerate service innovations. These interdisciplinary activities are called Services Sciences, Management, and Engineering (SSME) [1], which includes computer science, operations research, industrial engineering, business strategy, management sciences, social and cognitive sciences, legal sciences, and innovation management.Innovations, in particular, service innovations are difficult to articulate their structures and mechanisms, due to intangibility coming from services characteristics, and a lack of languages to describe them. In this paper, we investigate 1. How can we capture the characteristics of innovations as patterns? 2. What are the categories of patterns for innovations? We introduce innovation pattern categories and patterns from enterprise viewpoints, and apply them to innovation cases. We identify future study areas, such as innovation ecosystem modeling, and innovation lifecycle studies using innovation patterns.

A "Services Sciences, Management, and Engineering (SSME)" [1] initiative has been started to study the movement to service economies involving computer science, operations research, industrial engineering, business strategy, management sciences, social and cognitive sciences, and legal sciences, and to develop the skills required in a services-led economy. Manufacturing industries show high interest in SSME, compared to services industries, since beyond follow-up sales of product-based services, the business strategies of manufacturing companies are changing to focus on services as key differentiators in their new business models. Those shifts to focus on the services businesses of manufacturing industries affect their internal business processes, which include research organizations. In this paper, first, we look into value chains for services comparing with product-based value chains, which are quite different. Some level of services, such as maintenance services for products, can be delivered using the as-is productbased value chains, where research organizations could contribute to businesses in the same way as when companies delivered products. However, a shifting to services focused business models requires changes of value flows. We discuss the difference between product-based value chains and the value chains for services. Since research organizations roles in value chains for services could be transforming, we look at some examples where these transformation have started.

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The impact of R&D to service business is increasing rapidly by the movement to service economies. The shift to focus on the services businesses, which is happening in manufacturing industries, affects their internal business processes, which include research organizations.In this paper, we study service research activities in a manufacturing enterprise, focusing on the advanced service research initiative, which was initiated as On Demand Innovation Services (ODIS) in 2003, as an exploratory research experiment in IBM. We propose services research model for value co-creation based on the ODIS experiment. We found that new knowledge is created through services activities, which are not created in a laboratory, traditional research activities. In addition, these are keys to the successful service projects. We focused on specific knowledge created during services research model for value co-creation, however, there are another kinds of knowledge also created. To understand and form the research base of service businesses and innovations, we should explore more on service innovation projects and understand critical factors, such as new knowledge created in a project, how they are created, and how the knowledge make the service research base more fruitful.