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Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a major public health problem and patient safety threat worldwide. Scant information is available on the occurrence HAI and antimicrobial susceptibility of responsible pathogens in Ukrainian intencive care units (ICUs). The aim: To evaluate the prevalence of HAIs and antimicrobial resistance of the responsible pathogens. Materials and methods: The study included 642 patients and 262 samples isolated from patients with microbiologically proven HAI. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of the cultures were determined, using automated microbiology analyzer. Some antimicrobial susceptibility test used Kirby — Bauer antibiotic testing. Interpretative criteria were those suggested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: Among 642 patients, 148 HAIs were observed (23.1%). Death during hospitalization was reported in 20.1% HAI cases. Pneumonia (47.3%), blood stream infection (21.6%), and urinary tract infection (14.9) together accounted for 83.8% of all HAIs reported. Most cases of these infections were device-associated. Considering all HAI types together, Klebsiella pneumoniae were most commonly reported, accounting for 21.8% of all organisms, followed by Acinetobacter baumanni (14.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.4%) and Escherichia coli (9.4%). 59.8% and 6.6% of Staphylococcus aureus were oxacillin and teicoplanin resistant, respectively. Third-generation cephalosporins resistancewas found in 53.8% of K.pneumoniae and 32.1% of E.coli isolates; and carbapenem resistance in 78.6% of A. baumanni and 29.3% of K. pneumoniae isolates. Conclusions: Infection control priorities in intensive care units should include preventing nosocomial pneumonia, blood stream infection, urinary tract infection and of deviceassociated infections.

BACKGROUND: The C-159T polymorphism of the CD14 receptor gene can be associated with the development of atopic dermatitis. Probiotics can modulate chronic inflammation through activation of the CD14 receptor. So, the efficacy of probiotic therapy can be dependent on this genetic polymorphism. AIM: The purpose of the study was to investigate the efficacy of adding probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, LA-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, ВВ-12) to standard treatment (ointment of fluticasone propionate 0.005% and emollient) of atopic dermatitis in adults during 28 days, depending on the stratification of patients on CC or TT genotypes of the CD14 receptor gene. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 37 adult patients with AD. There were identified 19 patients with exogenous (IgE-dependent) and 18 with endogenous (IgE-dependent) AD. To evaluate the efficacy of the probiotics all patients were divided into three groups for both exogenous and endogenous AD. The first group was selected from patients with CC genotype (C-159T) who received standard therapy (ointment of fluticasone propionate 0.005% – 2 times a day, emollients – 2 times a day) and probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, LA-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, ВВ-12 - 1 capsule 2 times per day) The second group included patients with CC genotype, who received only standard therapy. The third group was presented by patients with TT genotype (C-159T) who received standard therapy and probiotic. The SCORAD and DLQI parameters were evaluated on Day 0, 14 and 28. The level of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TGF-β cytokines was determined on Day 0 and Day 28. RESULTS: The results of our study found that the addition of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, LA-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, ВВ-12) to standard treatment (ointment of fluticasone propionate 0.005%, emollient) significantly increased the effectiveness of treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults with exogenous form and CC genotype (C-159T), confirmed by clinical (a significant decrease of SCORAD and DLQI indices) and immunological criteria (a significant decrease of IL-4 and an increase of TGF-β). CONCLUSION: Simultaneous determination of the exogenous or endogenous form, identification of the C-159T genotypes, evaluation of the serum level of IL-4 and TGF-β can serve as an algorithm for the personalised treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis.

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Background: This study assessed gene polymorphisms of the CD14 receptor (C-159T) and Toll-like receptor 4 (Asp299Gly) in a patient population in Crimea, Ukraine, stratified by clinical (early versus late onset; frequent versus occasional relapses; fixed versus reversible obstruction) and immunologic (atopic versus nonatopic; eosinophilic; neutrophilic or paucigranulocytic inflammation) subtype. Methods: Two polymorphisms, CD14 C-159T and TLR4 Asp299Gly, were assessed in 331 patients with asthma. The control group included 285 volunteers who were nonatopic. The single nucleotide polymorphisms were studied by using polymerase chain reaction with electrophoretic detection. Results: There were increased odds of asthma development in patients with the Asp299Gly TLR4 mutation compared with the general population underdominant odds ratio (OR) 1.52 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00‐2.32] and overdominant (OR 1.55 [95% CI, 1.01‐2.38]) models after adjustment for gender and age. In addition, mutations in this gene decreased the odds of nonatopic asthma in underdominant (OR 0.26 [95% CI, 0.07‐0.93]; p = 0.027), overdominant (OR 0.27 [95% CI, 0.07‐0.96]; p = 0.033), and log-additive models (OR 0.26 [95% CI, 0.07‐0.93]; p = 0.026) compared with the atopic subgroup after adjustment for gender, age, number of exacerbations, and type of airway inflammation. Allele frequencies for CD14 and TLR4 polymorphisms did not show statistical differences between the patients with asthma and the control subjects. Conclusion: CD14 C-159T polymorphisms were not associated with asthma in the adult population in Crimea. TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphisms were associated with asthma and with decreased odds of nonatopic asthma compared with atopic asthma in the adult population in Crimea.