Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is the second most common malignant disease of the liver. In recent decades various methods of treatment have been introduced. Nevertheless the number of treatment options for СС is still limited. Gemcitabine and cisplatin are the standard treatment for patients with inoperable CC. The second line of chemotherapy has not yet been standardized and depends on the interaction with first-line therapy. In addition many bile cancer studies to date cannot evaluate the differential activity of therapy of different anatomical localizations along the bile tract. There is no reliable evidence of the effectiveness of adjuvant therapy. The correlation of survival increase in patients with worse prognosis when using adjuvant therapy after surgical intervention seems to be reliable. The study of the molecular profile led to a more complex understanding of the genetic changes leading to clinically expressed malignant neoplasms and the possible future differentiation by anatomical or molecular structure would be optimal for the selection of chemotherapy.

BackgroundThe efficacy of topical ophthalmic corticosteroids depends upon small modifications in preparations, such as drug concentration.The aim of this study was to confirm that hydrocortisone acetate (HC-ac) ophthalmic ointments of 2.5% and 1% are more effective than a 0.5% eye ointment.MethodsIn this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical study, the change of signs and symptoms of acute inflammation of the ocular surface and adnexa was evaluated in 411 subjects.ResultsMedian time to clinically relevant response as estimated by 50% reduction in clinical signs and symptoms (CSS) total score over the entire trial was similar for subjects treated with HC-ac 2.5% (73.5 h) and for subjects treated with HC-ac 1.0% (67.7 h) and was considerably and significantly longer for subjects treated with HC-ac 0.5% (111.8 h) [p < 0.001 for both dosages]. All trial medications were safe and well tolerated.ConclusionHydrocortisone acetate 2.5% and Hydrocortisone acetate 1% eye ointments are efficacious and safe treatments for acute inflammations of the ocular surface or adnexa, and showed significantly better efficacy than a control group treated with Hydrocortisone acetate 0.5% therapy.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN15464650.