The overall goal of our work is to develop new methods and materials for the fabrication of hierarchically structured, three-dimensional (3D) tissue scaffolds. Conventional scaffolds commonly lack substantial mechanical strength, and there is difficulty in controlling porosity, pore distribution, and pore interconnectivity. Additionally, the chemical nature of these scaffolds is typically homogenous. The ability to chemically modify selected areas on a scaffold is one method to direct cell growth in deliberate patterns; which could aid in the engineering of complex, functioning tissues. The general aim of this work is to address these issues through the application of stereolithography (SL) to the fabrication of hierarchically structured scaffolds.In order to achieve this goal, photopolymerizable materials must be developed that are both compatible with cell growth and with SL processing. SL methods are designed to produce arbitrary control over the physical structure of the part. In addition to physical structure control, control over the local surface chemistry of the scaffold is also desired. This would permit the use of both physical and chemical cues to control cell behavior in a tissue engineering construct. Chemical control could be achieved in SL methods by using photopolymerizable materials that can also be selectively chemically modified during the SL part building process. This paper provides an update on our work directed at using combined photoradical initiated polymerization and photoacid generator based chemical modification of a polymeric scaffold via multiwavelength SL to produce hierarchically structured scaffolds.
Engineering functional tissues and organs successfully depends on the ability to control cell orientation and distribution. Materials used for such purposes therefore have to be designed to facilitate cell distribution and eventually guide tissue regeneration in 3D.The field of tissue engineering hinges on developing degradable polymeric scaffolds that promote cell proliferation and expression of desired physiological behaviors through careful control of the polymer surface.The development of materials for tissue engineering and guided tissue regeneration has accelerated over the last decade.[1] It has been demonstrated that non-patterned cells are effectively not tissue. “Tissues require that cells be placed and hold precise places often with precise orientations” [2–3]. Cell patterning is therefore very important for tissue engineering. We have developed a biocompatible, biostable chemically amplified bioresist, with which patterns are generated without involving harsh chemical treatment.
Due to the involvement of organic solvents and strong bases in the pattern development process, conventional lithography, a technique that has been well-developed and widely used in the semiconductor industry, is not suitable for direct cell and protein patterning. In order to address this issue, we recently developed a biocompatible chemically amplified photoresist, BIORESIST, with which patterns can be generated without involving any harsh chemical treatment. Such a BIORESIST contains tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC) protecting groups. In vitro cell culture study has shown that the t-BOC protected BIORESIST and its carboxyl-substituted counter-part interact very differently with cells. The former is non-cell adhesive, while the latter not only keeps cell attached, but also supports cell proliferation. This unique property prompted us to generate patterns (25 µm L/S) with this BIORESIST with no wet development involved. Rat fibroblast cells were cultured on the patterned surfaces. The results demonstrated that cells were strongly aligned along the patterns and attached exclusively to the adhesive region as opposed to a random appearance on the plain control surface after 24 hr of incubation. With this BIORESIST, the scalability aspect of conventional lithography could be well applied for cell patterning.
Pediatric laceration repair is a daunting process for parents and physicians. The repair could take place quickly if the child is calm and relaxed.This study aimeds to evaluate parental and physician preference for anxiolytic medication administration prior to laceration repair, with a pre-and post-repair survey on parents' and physicians' initial preference and follow-up perception. MethodsParents or guardians of children aged six months to five years who presented with simple lacerations and their physicians were asked to complete a survey on potential benefits and expectations of anxiolytic use before and after the laceration repair. ResultsFifty parents/guardians completed the survey. Forty-three (86%) expressed their preference for anxiolytic medication use if it had been available, before laceration repair. Parents/guardians perceived reactions to laceration repair before and after the procedure were significant, ranging from "uncontrolled crying" to "continuous crying" (p=.032). The parents/guardians overwhelmingly preferred to take part in the decisionmaking process during the repair (not significant). Preference for anxiolytic use was high before repair at 54% and increased to 62% after witnessing the procedure (not significant). Physicians who completed the survey supported the use of anxiolytics 84% of the time. Forty (80%) physicians preferred the intranasal route, while parents/guardians preferred the oral route (58%). ConclusionsProcedural sedation is critical for anxiety control and to minimize the difficulties related to treatment. In our study, parents and physicians supported the administration of an anxiolytic agent to help alleviate anxiety and achieve optimal outcomes.
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