<span lang="EN-US">Since the COVID-19 pandemic, automated liquid dispensers have been increasingly developed to assist transmission prevention. However, data availability of automatic liquid dispenser mechanism's technical characteristics is not yet widely available. This causes frequent over or under design in its development. Therefore, we specifically measure push and pull forces engineering characteristics generated by the automatic liquid dispenser mechanism. A wire mechanism-based automatic liquid dispenser apparatus was used to experiment. A load-cell sensor was used to detect the force that occurs from a servo motor controlled by a microcontroller. The force data (push and pull) will be sent directly to the database server cloud with a recording </span><span lang="EN-US">frequency of every second. Three types of fluid treatment levels are used i.e. water, liquid soap, and hand sanitizer gel. Three types of fluid volume treatment levels used were 50 ml, 150 ml, and 250 ml. Each treatment level combination is carried out at the servo motors rotation steps 180</span><span lang="EN-US">°</span><span lang="EN-US">, 150</span><span lang="EN-US">°</span><span lang="EN-US">, 120</span><span lang="EN-US">°</span><span lang="EN-US">, 90</span><span lang="EN-US">°</span><span lang="EN-US">, 60</span><span lang="EN-US">°</span><span lang="EN-US">, and 30</span><span lang="EN-US">°</span><span lang="EN-US">. The results show that no significant differences were found in maximal forces required to release the water, liquid soap, and hand-sanitizer gel. It is also known that the volume of the fluid has a very significant effect on the amount of push and pull forces generated.</span>

At present mixing of nutrients in the hydroponic is still done manually (ineffective and inefficient). For that we need a tool that can mix plant nutrients equipped with a system that regulates the amount of solute (Total Dissolved Solid, TDS with ppm units) and agitator. The design consist of structural and functional, construction, testing and cost analysis. The results obtained dimensions of 0,85 m x 0,55 m x 1,55 m, consisting of a reservoir, container nutrition with a capacity of 100 liters equipped with agitators driven by a 45 watt DC motor. The performance of the electrical system is carried out to ensure adequate nutrition (indicated with TDS value) and water level in the reservoir. TDS flatness testing and nutrient temperature every 720 seconds in the range of 3600 seconds at 5 points, each has an average deviation of 1,443% + 5% and 4,9054% + 5%. Testing of planting using mixing equipment in pakcoy and spinach plants was 5,95 kg and 2,5056 kg more than without using a mixing equipment. Whereas for the analysis of the production costs of mixing equipment and obtained Rp8.981.091. In analyzing the costs of planting the difference between the market price is Rp13.273.

<p>Homomorphic encryption has been widely used to preserve the privacy of watermarking process on blockchain-driven watermarking services. It offers transparent and traceable encrypted watermarking without revealing sensitive data such as original images or watermark data to the public. Nevertheless, the existing works suffer from enormous memory storage and extensive computing power. This study proposed an approximation-based homomorphic encryption for resource-efficient encrypted watermarking without sacrificing watermarking quality. We demonstrated the efficiency of the Cheon-Kim-Kim-Son (CKKS) encrypted watermarking process using discrete cosine transform-singular value decomposition (DCT-SVD) embedding. The evaluation results showed that it could preserve the watermarking quality similar to non-encrypted watermark embedding, even after geometrical and filtering attacks. Compared to existing homomorphic encryption, such as Brakerski-Gentry-Vaikuntanathan (BFV) encryption, it has superior performance regarding resource utilization and watermarking quality preservation.</p>

In the present study, the foam mat drying technique was used to dry pasta sauce based on tomato to become powder. The effect of different egg white concentrations (3, 6, and 9%) and whipping time (2 min and 5 min) on the foam properties of pasta sauce, including foam density, foam expansion, foam viscosity, water activity, morphological and drying behaviour, were investigated. The foamed sauce was dried in a batch-type thin-layer dryer at constant conditions (temperature of 60 °C). Six thin-layer drying models were employed to determine the drying kinetics of the pasta sauce. The results showed that an increase in the egg white concentration and a decrease in the whipping time produced a foamed sauce with low foam density and viscosity and high foam expansion. The Wang and Singh model was the best model to describe the drying behaviour of foamed sauce. According to Fick's second law model, the effective moisture diffusivity of the pasta sauce ranged from 4.95 × 10^–7 to 10.04 × 10^–7 m² s^–1.

Salah satu faktor penting dalam sistem penanaman hidroponik adalah ketersediaan nutrisi yang cukup dan teratur sesuai dengan jenis, usia dan kebutuhan tanaman. Hal ini mempengaruhi kualitas dan kuantitas tanaman yang diproduksi. Kebanyakan yang terjadi sekarang pengendalian konsentrasi nutrisi secara manual dianggap kurang praktis dan efisien. Terutama untuk industri yang mempunyai standar kualitas produk yang tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang sistem kendali TDS (Total Dissolved Solid), yang merupakan indikator konsentrasi nutrisi, dalam larutan nutrisi hidroponik menggunakan CCT53200E. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan kendali adaptif. Tahap pertama menghitung jumlah nutrisi dan larutan air yang dibutuhkan sebagai dasar untuk menghitung waktu aktif katup solenoid nutrisi dan air. Desain sistem kendali terdiri dari sensor ketinggian air, catu daya, sistem pengkabelan, dan antarmuka. Simulasi bertujuan untuk memvalidasi desain sistem kendali dengan keluaran berupa LED sebagai indikator aktuator yang mewakili katup solenoid. Desain dan simulasi menggunakan perangkat lunak Proteus 7.0 Free Trial. Hasil simulasi pada nilai TDS normal, TDS tinggi dan TDS rendah menunjukkan katup solenoid nutrisi dan katup solenoid air dapat bekerja berdasarkan kondisi aktual. Diharapkan desain sistem kendali ini dapat dimanfaatkan dalam industri hortikultura untuk menjaga kualitas dan kuantitas produk yang dihasilkan.