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Aim:The aim of the study is to develop a theoretical model to depict the relationship between abusive supervision, distributive justice, intention to leave and workplace deviance and the affective processes involved in them. Methodology: A literature review of the relevant variables was done. Results: The literature review indicated that though strong interrelationships exist both between the variables being studied and the affective processes involved but as yet no theoretical model exists. Conclusion:The study was successful in creating a theoretical model to show the inter relation between abusive supervision, distributive justice, intention to leave and workplace deviance and the role of subordinate's negative reciprocity belief, power distance perception and feeling of loss of control over circumstances.

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<p>Background and Objective: The heterogeneous illness known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) causes multisystem morbidities and is one of the major causes of female infertility. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge and attitude of the young female population towards the early diagnosis of PCOS in Pakistan.</p> <p>Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey study was carried out at the Lahore Wapda Hospital Complex, Pakistan over a period of 1 year (January 2021 to 2022). A total of 1,278 females with active PCOS from 18-23 years of age were selected for the study from all provinces of Pakistan. A total of 96 responses were excluded because of inconsistency, incompletion, or duplication while the remaining 1,182 respondents were finally included in the study. Regression analysis, analysis of variance, and t-test were applied for statistical inferences.</p> <p>Results: Only 45.3% of the patients had significant knowledge (p-value = 0.001) or a positive attitude about the early diagnosis of PCOS. The participants who were diagnosed with abdominal ultrasonography scored significantly higher in attitude towards earlier diagnosis than those who were diagnosed with serum gonadotropins and/or androgens levels (p = 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion: Lack of appropriate information and awareness regarding PCOS and its complications while bearing a poor attitude concerning the early diagnosis of this syndrome leads to higher disease burden and morbidity in our younger female population.</p>

Gender disparity, that is the unequal attitude and treatment of people due to their gender, is found in many fields including the medical profession. Not only it is present in developed countries but is also a major concern in developing countries like Pakistan. According to data, Pakistani female doctors face gender discrimination that negatively impacts their workplace performance and has proven to be a hindrance to them taking up leadership roles. The patriarchal mindset of society, workplace harassment, and lack of basic facilities in the hospital for working mothers are just a few of the factors that compel women to leave their careers. Even if they continue to work, women have to perform the duties of a mother and homemaker along with their jobs, and that negatively impacts their skills as doctors and as leaders. Efforts need to be taken to encounter all the problems that are negatively affecting leadership roles of female doctors such as providing equal opportunities, arranging awareness campaigns about creating a workplace environment that is favorable to all genders, and creating policies that will help working mothers by forming daycare centers and giving paid maternity leaves. This will help in alleviating the gender disparity in the healthcare system and will increase the chances of female doctors proving themselves good doctors and leaders.