Charge–discharge behaviors of various graphene‐like graphite (GLG) samples have been investigated, and factors affecting them were discussed. By changing the oxidation method of graphite to obtain the precursor material of graphite oxide and heat treatment temperature of it, GLG samples with various structural parameters were successfully prepared. The onset potential of intercalation changed mainly depending on the interlayer spacing and decreased with its increase. The oxygen content was also important especially for GLG with smaller interlayer spacings. The influence of oxygen became apparent when the intercalation of bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide ions was performed. The onset potential considerably decreased for GLG with larger oxygen contents. The capacity of GLG increased with the increase in oxygen content to reach a maximum value of 149 mAh g−1 and then slightly decreased.

. Significance: A scene-based adaptive-optics (AO) system is developed and a method for investigating its imaging performance is proposed. The system enables derivation of Strehl ratios from observed images via collaboration with computer simulations. The resultant Strehl ratios are comparable with those of other current AO systems. Aim: For versatile and noninvasive AO microscopy, a scene-based wavefront-sensing technique working on a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor is developed in a modal control system. The purpose of the research is to clarify the imaging performance of the AO system via the derivation of Strehl ratios from observed images toward applications in microscopy of living cells and tissues. Approach: Two imaging metrics that can be directly measured from observed images (i.e., an energy concentration ratio and unbiased maximum ratio) are defined and related to the Strehl ratio via computer simulations. Experiments are conducted using artificial targets to measure the imaging metrics, which are then converted to Strehl ratios. Results: The resultant Strehl ratios are and 0.5 in the cases of defocus and higher aberrations, respectively. The half-widths at half-maximum of the AO-corrected bead images are favorably comparable to those of on-focus images under simple defocus aberration, and the AO system works both under bright-field illumination and on fluorescent bead images. Conclusions: The proposed scene-based AO system is expected to work with a Strehl ratio of more than 0.5 when applied to high-resolution live imaging of cells and tissues under bright-field and fluorescence microscopies.

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Thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity was investigated through near-field and far-field radiation experiments by making use of a schottoky diode and a p-n junction cells made of GaSb semiconductor. The maximum power for the far-field was not dependent on a gap between the cell and an emitter surfaces, provided that its view factor was almost unity. On further decrease in gap, the output powers for the schottoky and the p-n junction cells became 4.4 and 3.9 times higher than those for the far-field radiation regime, respectively. The increase in output power might be originated from a near-field radiation effect, that is, an evanescent wave effect.

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