AbstractThe eŠects of psychological pressure on lower limb muscular activity and center of pressure (COP) were investigated in a standing, postural control task. Healthy male participants (N＝18) performed a balancing task by standing on a balance disk with their dominant foot. Participants were requested to stabilize their posture for 30 s (one-trial). After acquisition trials, participants performed 2 non-pressure and 2 pressure trials in counterbalanced order for a performance-contingent cash reward, or punishment. Stress responses were successfully induced as assessed by state anxiety, perceived pressure, mental eŠort, and heart rates that increased under pressure conditions. The results indicated that the rate of co-contraction between the soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in the dominant leg increased signiˆcantly in association with an increment in the EMG amplitude of the SOL under pressure. Moreover, the COP area in pressure trials was signiˆcantly smaller than in non-pressure trials. These functional changes in postural control under pressure could have been modiˆed by internal focus of attention, aŠective states including anxiety, and movement strategies that enhance muscle and joint stiŠness in the lower limbs.

This paper aims to clarify the lower limit of the gaze time required during reading by investigating at a display time of 98 msec or less using the visual information processing analyzer developed in the previous research. The image display range and display time at the point of gaze was controlled by moving the window in conjunction with the eye movement. As a result, it was found that normal reading, as if there were no window or visual field restriction, could not be performed with a display time of 42 msec or less, but that normal reading could be performed when sentences were displayed in a window of 7 characters at 56 msec. In this way, we believe we can obtain useful knowledge that is necessary for studying more effective methods of displaying text on electronic device.

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