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This paper proposes the frequency-modulation (FM) controlled load-independent class-E inverter, which has robustness against simultaneous variations of the load and the components in the output resonant filter. The main idea is to apply the FM control of the output-voltage regulation to the loadindependent class-E inverter. By applying that, the proposed inverter can keep the phase shift between the driving signal and the output voltage constant without using any time information. As a result, the proposed inverter can maintain the constant output voltage and high power-conversion efficiency operation at high frequencies despite the load variations and the component tolerances in the output resonant filter. We give analytical expressions of the proposed inverter and quantitative evaluations. Additionally, an experimental prototype of the proposed inverter was implemented. The theoretical and experimental results showed the validity and effectiveness of the proposed inverter. The implemented inverter achieved 95% efficiency with the 5.7 W output and 1-MHz operating frequency at the rated operation.

This paper proposes comprehensive and simplified numerical design procedures for the class-E switching circuits with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The PSO algorithm does not require approximate solutions and partial differentiation derivations. Therefore, the proposed design method has higher convergence stability than Newton's method-based design. It is also a feature that the PSO algorithm allows the mismatch between the design condition and the design parameter numbers. As a design example, we successfully draw the multiple design curves of the class-E amplifier and frequency multipliers by one-time optimization execution with the modified PSO algorithm. Besides, we show a pretty simple design procedure of the class-E amplifier, which uses only one evaluation function for determining three design parameters. The design accuracy of the proposed design method does not deteriorate compared with the previous design method. We carried out circuit experiments, which achieved power-conversion efficiency of 94.0%. The circuit experiment showed agreement with numerical predictions, which confirmed the validity and usefulness of the proposed design method.

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