We also demonstrate that TACI interacts with nanomolar affinity with the BLyS-related tumor necrosis factor homologue APRIL for which no clear in vivo role has been described. BLyS and APRIL are capable of signaling through TACI to mediate NF-B responses in HEK293 cells. We conclude that TACI is a receptor for BLyS and APRIL and discuss the implications for B-cell biology.Members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily of cytokines play diverse roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Notably, several members of this family play key roles in the regulation of the immune system (1). We and others have previously identified a novel TNF 1 -related ligand, BLyS (also known as BAFF, TALL-1, THANK, TNFSF20, and zTNF4) which is expressed on monocytes and induces B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion in vitro and in vivo (2-6). Like many members of the TNF family, BLyS has activity in vitro as a 152-amino acid soluble molecule and as a 258-amino acid transmembrane form (3). However, the biological significance of these two forms and their relative contributions in vivo remain to be resolved. More recently, transgenic mice that ectopically overexpress BLyS were shown to develop autoimmune-like phenotypes reminiscent of those observed in systemic lupus erythematosus (7-9). These findings suggest that BLyS plays an important role in the regulation of B-cell growth and humoral immunity.In order to understand the precise mechanism by which BLyS activates B-cells, the range of cell types BLyS may affect, and the potential role of BLyS as a therapeutic agent or target, we have used expression cloning to identify the receptor for BLyS. We have identified the orphan receptor TACI (10), previously characterized as being present on B-cells and a subset of T-cells, as the receptor for BLyS and show that this receptor is capable of mediating NF-B signaling in response to ligand binding. We also show that TACI interacts with another TNF family member, APRIL, which is closely related to BLyS. Parallel work by others has recently shown that TACI and a second TNFR family member, BCMA, are BLyS receptors (9, 11-14). EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESCell Culture and Media-HEK293T cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and transfected using LipofectAMINE Plus (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) according to the manufacturer's protocol. For expression cloning screens, cells were attached to plates with poly-D-lysine.Flow Cytometry-Cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies raised against BLyS at the indicated protein concentrations, with biotinylated BLyS as described previously (2), with recombinant TACI-Fc fusion protein or with recombinant Flag-tagged proteins which were subsequently detected by the M2 anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (Sigma). Flow cytometry was performed using a FACScan instrument and associated CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA).Library Preparation, Screening, and Other DNA Manipulations-All common DNA...

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The relationship of plasma membrane biophysical properties to the anti-proliferative effect of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) was investigated in Daudi lymphoblasts cell lines with sensitivity to growth inhibition, parallel clonal variants selected for resistance, and one revertant subclone. Lateral mobility of surface differentiation antigens (I2, CD19, CD20, and sIgM-kappa) were measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The mean diffusion coefficients, D, values for two clones of IFN-alpha resistant Daudi cells were significantly higher (D = 8.1-11 x 10(-10) cm2/sec) than for parental sensitive cells (D = 4.9-7.4 x 10(-10) cm2/sec). Microviscosity of the plasma membranes were probed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry. These results also indicate a greater degree of molecular motional freedom in resistant cells. Treatment of sensitive lymphoblasts with IFN-alpha (100-400 U/10(6) cells) for 5-30 min consistently increased mean values of D and the degree of spin-probe motional freedom, whereas no significant differences were detected in resistant cells. The effect of IFN-alpha on the membrane potential (Em) of Daudi cells was quantitated by flow cytometry using a voltage-sensitive oxonol dye. Membrane potential of all clones was similar (-50 to -56 mV). Treatment with IFN-alpha for 8-10 min caused hyperpolarization in the sensitive cells (deltaEm up to 45 mV), but only minimal hyperpolarization in the resistant ones (deltaEm up to 7 mV). We concluded that sensitivity to IFN-alpha and treatment with IFN-alpha are related to the biophysical status of plasma membranes.