Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recently implicated in modifying immunology in colorectal cancer (CRC). Nevertheless, the clinical significance of immune-related lncRNAs remains largely unexplored. In this study, we develope a machine learning-based integrative procedure for constructing a consensus immune-related lncRNA signature (IRLS). IRLS is an independent risk factor for overall survival and displays stable and powerful performance, but only demonstrates limited predictive value for relapse-free survival. Additionally, IRLS possesses distinctly superior accuracy than traditional clinical variables, molecular features, and 109 published signatures. Besides, the high-risk group is sensitive to fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy, while the low-risk group benefits more from bevacizumab. Notably, the low-risk group displays abundant lymphocyte infiltration, high expression of CD8A and PD-L1, and a response to pembrolizumab. Taken together, IRLS could serve as a robust and promising tool to improve clinical outcomes for individual CRC patients.
UV radiation creates excited states in DNA that lead to mutagenic photoproducts. Photoexcitation of single-stranded DNA can transfer an electron between stacked bases, but the fate of excited states in the double helix has been intensely debated. Here, photoinduced interstrand proton transfer (PT) triggered by intrastrand electron transfer (ET) is detected for the first time by time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations. Long-lived excited states are shown to be oppositely charged base pair radical ions. In two of the duplexes, the base pair radical anions are present as tautomers formed by interstrand PT. Charge recombination occurs on the picosecond time scale preventing the accumulation of damaging radicals or mutagenic tautomers.
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To explore how the solvent influences primary aspects of bond breaking, the gas and solution phase photochemistries of phenol and ofpara-methylthiophenol are directly compared using, respectively, H (Rydberg) atom photofragment translation spectroscopy and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Approaches are demonstrated that allow explicit comparisons of the nascent product energy disposals and dissociation mechanisms in the two phases. It is found, at least for the case of the weakly perturbing cyclohexane environment, that most aspects of the primary reaction dynamics of the isolated molecule are reproduced in solution. Specifically, in the gas phase, both molecules can undergo fast X-H (X = O, S) bond dissociation upon excitation with short wavelengths (193 < lambda(pump) < 216 nm), following population of the dissociative S2 (1 1(pi sigma*)) state. Product electronic branching, vibrational and translational energy disposals are determined. Photolysis of phenol and para-methylthiophenol in solution at 200 nm results in formation of vibrationally excited radicals on a timescale shorter than 200 fs. Excitation of para-methylthiophenol at 267 nm reaches close to the S1 (1 1(pipi*))/S2 (11(pi sigma*)) conical intersection (CI): ultrafast dissociation is observed in both the isolated and solution systems-again indicating direct dissociation on the S2 potential energy surface. Comparing results for this precursor at different excitation energies, the extent of geminate recombination and the derived H-atom ejection lengths in the condensed phase photolyses are in qualitative agreement with the translational energy release measured in the gas phase studies. Conversely, excitation of phenol at 267 nm prepares the system in its S1 state at an energy well below its S1/S2 CI; the slow O-H bond fission inferred in the gas phase experiments is observed directly in the time-resolved studies in cyclohexane solution via the appearance of phenoxyl radical absorption after -1 ns, with only S1 excited state absorption discernible at earlier delay times. The slow O-H bond fission in solution provides additional evidence for a tunnelling dissociation mechanism, where the H atom tunnels beneath the lower diabats of the S2/S1 CI. Finally, the photodissociation of phenol clusters in solution is considered, where evidence is presented that the O-H dissociation coordinate is impeded in H-bonded dimers.
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