The spatial and temporal evolutions of nonlocal heat transport in laser-produced aluminum plasmas are studied with the improvements of the Thomson scattering experiments and the kinetic Fokker–Planck simulations. The results are compared with the hydrodynamic simulations with the classical Spitzer–Härm theory. When another heater beam is used, the electron temperature decreases slowly and the temperature gradient becomes steep in the conduction zone. The nonlocal heat flux can be sustained at a high value with slow decrease for long time. The Fokker–Planck simulations considering electron-electron collisions can well describe the nonlocal heat transport process in laser-produced plasmas.

In this study, we chose apple leaf as plant material and studied effects of GeO 2 on operation of photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant enzyme activities under strong light. When exogenous GeO 2 concentration was below 5.0 mg L -1 , maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII and actual quantum yield of PSII photochemistry increased significantly compared with the control under irradiances of 800 and 1,600 μmol(photon) m -2 s -1 . Photosynthetic electron transport chain capacity between Q A -Q B , Q A -PSI acceptor, and Q B -PSI acceptor showed a trend of rising up with 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mg(GeO 2 ) L -1 and declining with 10.0 mg(GeO 2 ) L -1 . On the other hand, dissipated energy via both ΔpH and xanthophyll cycle decreased remarkably compared with the control when GeO 2 concentration was below 5.0 mg L -1 . Our results suggested that low concentrations of GeO 2 could alleviate photoinhibition and 5.0 mg(GeO 2 ) L -1 was the most effective. In addition, we found, owing to exogenous GeO 2 treatment, that the main form of this element in apple leaves was organic germanium, which means chemical conversion of germanium happened. The organic germanium might be helpful to allay photoinhibition due to its function of scavenging free radicals and lowering accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which was proven by higher antioxidant enzyme activities.