Abstract. Conventional and wavelet methods are combined to characterize gravity-waves (GWs) produced by two intense tropical cyclones (TCs) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) from GPS winsonde data. Analyses reveal large contribution of GWs induced by TCs to wave energy densities in the UT/LS. An increase in total energy density of about 30% of the climatological energy density in austral summer was estimated in the LS above Tromelin during TC Dina. Four distinct periods in GW activity in relation with TC Faxai stages is observed in the UT. Globally, GWs have periods of 6 h-2.5 days, vertical wavelenghts of 1-3 km and horizontal wavelengths <1000 km in the UT during the evolution of TCs. Horizontal wavelengths are longer in the LS and about 2200 km during TCs. Convective activity over the basin and GW energy density were modulated by mixed equatorial waves of 3-4 days, 6-8 days and 10-13 days confirmed by Hövmöller diagram, Fourier and wavelet analyses of OLR data. Moreover, location of GW sources is below the tropopause height when TCs are intense otherwise varies at lower tropospheric heights depending on the strength of convection. Finally, the maximum surface wind speeds of TCs Dina and Faxai can be linearly estimated with total energy densities.

To assess photosynthesis and yield components' response of field-grown wheat to increasing ozone (O 3 ) concentration (based on diurnal pattern of ambient O 3 ) in China, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Jia 403 was planted in open top chambers and exposed to three different O 3 concentrations: O 3 -free air (CF), ambient air (NF), and O 3 -free air with additional O 3 (CF+O 3 ). Diurnal changes of gas exchange and net photosynthetic rate (P N ) in response to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of flag leaves were measured at the filling grain stage, and yield components were investigated at harvest. High O 3 concentration altered diurnal course of gas exchange [P N , stomatal conductance (g s ), and intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i )] and decreased significantly their values except for C i . Apparent quantum yield (AQY), compensation irradiance (CI), and saturation irradiance (SI) were significantly decreased, suggesting photosynthetic capacity was also altered, characterized as reduced photon-saturated photosynthetic rate (P Nmax ). The limit of photosynthetic activity was probably dominated by non-stomatal factors in combination with stomatal closure. The significant reduction in yield was observed in CF+O 3 treatment as a result of a marked decrease in the ear length and the number of grains per ear, and a significant increase in the number of infertile florets per ear. Even though similar responses were also observed in plants exposed to ambient O 3 concentration, no statistical difference was observed at current ambient O 3 concentration in China.Additional key words: apparent quantum yield; diurnal pattern of O 3 ; net photosynthetic rate; irradiance; stomatal conductance; yield components.

SummaryKnowledge of sulphur (S) speciation in soil following applications of chemical and organic fertilizers is important for understanding the availability and fate of S in agricultural ecosystems. Sulphur speciation of the soil in three fields, which are part of the National Long-term Monitoring Network of Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Effects of China, was investigated with a combination of a wet-chemical fractionation scheme and S K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Treatments of the soil included no fertilizers (control), regular applications of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NPK), or of NPK plus organic manures (MNPK) since 1990. Soil samples were taken from the topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm) horizons in 2011. Chemical fractionation showed that available sulphate was the predominant inorganic S species in the Eutric Cambisol, whereas HCl-extractable sulphate was the main inorganic S species in the Haplic Phaeozem and Calcaric Cambisol. Organic S accounted for up to 77% of total S in all soil samples. Results from the fractionation (inorganic S plus ester-S) and XANES analysis (oxidized S) were correlated (r = 0.585, P < 0.01), which confirmed the presence of HCl-extractable sulphate and the speciation of residual S in soil. Long-term application of organic manures facilitated significantly the accumulation of intermediate and reduced S species and increased total and organic S in the soil (P < 0.01). In contrast, the application of chemical fertilizers (NPK) had little effect on the distribution of organic S species compared with the control. Atmospheric deposition was identified as an important source of S. The combination of chemical fractionation and XANES spectroscopy provided complementary information on the availability and speciation of S in soil.