ġThisġpaperġiḎvestigatesġtheġiḍpactġofġtheġdoḍiḎaḎtġIḍāḍ ġ ġUṣūl ġdoctriḎalġḍodelġ in nineteenth century Iran of the jurist (mu tahid) as arbiter (qāḍī al-ta kīm)ġoḎġjudicialġpractice.ġ ByġdrawiḎgġoḎġaġǦlitigaḎtġarchiveǧġfroḍġthisġperiodĪġIġdiscussġoḎeġprobleḍġthatġeḍergedġfroḍġ theġdoḍiḎaḎtġdoctriḎalġḍodel.ġItġbecaḍeġpossibleġforġlitigaḎtsġtoġchalleḎgeġtheġvalidityġofġaġ ukmġbyġclaiḍiḎgġtheyġdidġḎotġrecogḎizeġtheġscholarġwhoġissuedġtheġ ukm to be a mu tahid and heḎceġjudiciallyġcoḍpeteḎt.ġThisġultiḍatelyġforcedġUṣūl ġwritersġtoġcoḍeġupġwithġaġjuridicalġ fraḍeworkġwhereġoḎeġrecogḎizedġmu tahidġwouldġhaveġtoġcoḎirḍġtheġeḍergeḎceġofġaḎotherġ oḎeġiḎġcasesġwhereġaġscholar'sġjuristicġqualiicatioḎsġ(i tihād)ġwereġchalleḎged.ġIḎġpracticeĪġasġIġ deḍoḎstrateĪġeveḎġifġaġscholar'sġjudicialġcoḍpeteḎceġasġaġmu tahidġwasġcoḎirḍedġbyġaḎotherġ recogḎizedġmu tahidĪġitġwasġstillġḎoġguaraḎteeġthatġtheġscholar'sġ ukmġwouldġbeġeḎforced.Keywords:ġ DeceḎtralizatioḎĪġ judicialġ coḍpeteḎceĪġ qaḍāʼĪġ Uṣūl Īġ ḍujtahidĪġ judgeḍeḎtĪġ QājārĪġ IraḎ.Résuméġ:ġCetġarticleġexaḍiḎeġl'iḍpactġduġḍodèleġdoctriḎalġchiiteġiḍaḍiteġuṣūliteĪġdoḍiḎaḎtġ daḎsġl'IraḎġduġxix e ġsiècleĪġseloḎġlequelġleġjuristeġqualiiéġ(mu tahid) agissait comme arbitre (qāḍī al-ta kīm)ġ daḎsġ laġ procédureġ judiciaire.ġ M'appuyaḎtġ surġ desġ «ġarchivesġ deġ plaideurġ»ġ dataḎtġ deġcetteġpériodeĪġj'aḎalyseġuḎġdesġproblèḍesġposésġparġceġḍodèle.ġIlġétaitġpossibleĪġpourġlesġ plaideursĪġdeġreḍettreġeḎġcauseġlaġvaliditéġd'uḎġ ukm en prétendant ne pas reconnaître comme mu tahidĪġ etġ doḎcġ coḍḍeġ judiciaireḍeḎtġ coḍpéteḎtĪġ leġ savaḎtġ quiġ l'avaitġ proḎoḎcé.ġ Ceciġ obligeaġlesġauteursġuṣūlitesġàġdévelopperġuḎġcadreġjuridiqueġdaḎsġlequelġuḎġmu tahid reconnu devaitġcoḎirḍerġleġstatutġd'uḎġautreġdaḎsġleġcasġoùġlesġqualiicatioḎsġjuridiquesġ(i tihād) de ce derḎierġseġverraieḎtġcoḎtestées.ġJeġdéḍoḎtreġqu'eḎġpratiqueĪġḍêḍeġsiġlaġcoḍpéteḎceġjudiciaireġ d'uḎġsavaḎtġmu tahidġétaitġcoḎirḍéeġparġuḎġautreġmu tahidġrecoḎḎuĪġl'applicatioḎġduġ ukm proḎoḎcéġparġleġsavaḎtġḎ'étaitġpasġgaraḎtie.Motsīclésġ:ġ DéceḎtralisatioḎĪġ coḍpéteḎceġ judiciaireĪġ judicatureĪġ uṣūl Īġ mu tahidĪġ jugeḍeḎtĪġ QadjarsĪġIraḎ.I received valuable comments on earlier drafts of this essay from M. Tillier and P. Sartori.

This article presents an overview of research on the corpus of eighteenth to twentieth century manuscripts from south of the Indus valley in Khojkī Sindhī script. After a general introduction to the significance of these manuscripts, we will first look at how researchers have approached the problem of the origins of the “Khojkī Sindhī” script and its relation to the religious tradition of the Khoja merchant caste of Sindh and Gujarat. Then, we systematically present the main cataloguing attempts and studies from 1964 onwards on the paleography, codicology, textual content and illustrations of these manuscripts. Finally, we summarize ongoing research and suggest new directions for future work on these manuscripts.

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The mis̱āl, a type of administrative decree associated with the most important religious official in Safavid Iran (1501-1736), the ṣadr, has received little scholarly attention. This article attempts to lay the preliminary groundwork for a more comprehensive future study on the mis̱āls of the Safavid ṣadrs. In the first part, we introduce the ṣadr and his department, the dīwān al-ṣadāra. In the second part, we study how the scribal and archival practices of the mis̱āl construct the religious and administrative authority of the ṣadr and the dīwān al-ṣadāra. We focus on an unpublished mis̱āl relating to the endowment (waqf) of the shrine of a prominent Sufi shaykh of the Ṭayfūriyya tradition in Basṭām, Shaykh Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Dāstānī (d. 417/1026). The appendix includes the text, translation, and a facsimile of the document.