This paper presents the spatial and temporal variation in the diversity of malacofauna in relation to the water chemistry of the Aripal stream of Kashmir Himalaya. A total of 12 species were reported which belong to four families, Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae, and Bithyniidae from class Gastropoda, and two families, Cyrenidae and Pisidiidae from class Bivalvia. The family Planorbidae contributed 34% to the total annual molluscan population followed by Lymnaeidae (28%) and Bithyniidae (18%). During the collection, Gyraulus sp., Planorbis sp., and Bithynia tentaculata were prevalent at all sites, with predominance of Bithynia tentaculata. Species richness and abundance were observed maximum at site A3 (down-stream) and minimum at site A1 (up-stream) while in the case of temporal variation, species richness and abundance were maximum in summer and minimum in winter. Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, Margalef index, and Pielou evenness index were used to calculate the diversity, dominance, richness, and evenness of molluscan species, respectively. Physico-chemical parameters revealed a non-significant spatial variation (P >0.05) except pH, total hardness, and alkalinity while a significant temporal variation (P <0.05) was observed in the physico-chemical parameters except dissolved oxygen. A significant positive correlation was seen between the molluscan species and total hardness. In the present study, the stone mining, channel morphology of stream, habitat heterogeneity, and physico-chemical parameters were also found to promote the spatial and temporal diversity of malacofauna.

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A detailed ecological analysis of woody species of the Chaupal Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, was carried out at five sites under different altitudes and aspects. The study revealed that the total basal area covers of the forests varied between 0.093 m2/ha (Alnus nepalensis) at Site-IV whereas 46.682 m2/ha at Site-V (Cedrus deodara). The distribution pattern was found regular, random and contagious. Species diversity index was found maximum 1.595 at Site-IV and minimum 0.574 at Site-I whereas species richness was found highest 9 (Site-V) and lowest 2 (Sites -I and II).

Zooplankton are the precious elements of aquatic ecosphere playing a significant role in some ecological phenomena viz., biomonitoring, ecological indication, link between primary producers and higher trophic levels, aquaculture,and maintenance of balance in aquatic food webs.The climate,being a dynamic abiotic entity, changed many times during the history of earth particularly before and after the industrial revolution.The unending materialistic benefits of human beings have been increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases since the last few decades that is enough to raise the global temperature. It is a fact that both biotic and abiotic factors affect the dynamics of aquatic biota due to which the aquatic ecosystems and the organisms inhabiting them such as zooplankton are becoming the worst targets of the climate change phenomenon. Some of the significant consequences of climate change posing threats for the zooplankton community include increased temperature, acidification, nutrient enrichment,and increasing ultraviolet (UV) environment of the aquatic ecosystem that significantly affect theirsurvival, behaviour, nutritional procurement, reproduction,and their overall population dynamics.Due to the profound effects of climate change on the zooplankton community, the entire aquatic food web gets crushed away leading to more severe concerns about the higher trophic levels and overall dynamics of the aquatic biota. Thus,unending loss in the dynamics of the aquatic ecosystem could prevailand will go on expanding if the causal factors of climate change continue to operate beyond their limits unless a strong scientific policy and framework in contrary to climate change are reinforced with the key focus on aquatic biota especially zooplankton.

Background: Distribution of blood groups varies demographically. ABO and Rh blood group systems are major clinically signicant blood group systems despite that more than 400 red cell antigens have been identied. Blood groups are genetically determined. ABO and Rh blood groups systems besides being most important in blood transfusion, are also important in forensic pathology, disease susceptibility and population genetics. This study aims to determine frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among the permanent residents of northern areas of Kashmir valley adjacent to line of control. Aim and Objective: The present study was designed to determine frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors in northern areas of Kashmir valley adjacent to line of control and compare the results with data available from studies conducted with in India and other countries. Material and Methods: This study was a two and half years prospective study conducted in the department of Pathology Government Medical College Baramulla from January 2020 to June 2022 . Only permanent residents of northern areas of Kashmir valley were included in the study. Blood donors who were not permanent residents of northern areas were excluded from the study. Blood donors were selected after proper history and complete examination. Blood donors fullling all eligibility criteria's for blood donation were selected. Determination of ABO and Rh status was done by tile method of agglutination using commercially available anti-Seras. Results: Out of total 4609 voluntary blood donors 4104 (89.04%) were Rh positive and 505 (10.96%) were Rh Negative. 1338 (29.03%) were O positive,1333 (28.92%) were B positive, 1025 (22.23%) were Apositive, 408 (8.8%) were AB positive, 187 (4.05%) were O negative, 156 (3.38%) were B negative, 102 (2.21%) were Anegative and 60 (1.30%) were AB negative. Conclusion: In the Northern areas of Kashmir valley adjacent to line of control O Positive is the most prevalent blood group followed by B positive and AB negative is least prevalent followed by Anegative.