OO accounts for 10% of all benign bone tumors but only 1% of all spinal tumors. Only 4–13 percent of spinal injuries are caused by benign tumors [1]. osteoid osteoma accounts for just 0.3 percent of all primary bone tumors [2]. Osteoid osteomas are bone cell growth lesions that commonly affect lengthy bones. Only 20% of osteoid osteomas are seen in the spine. 9 Osteoid osteomas are composed of osteoblasts, which create juvenile bone tissue. They are typically tiny, benign, and self-limiting, with local prostaglandin PGE2 synthesis in the nidus (to which its main symptom, local pain, is attributed) [3]. An axial pain or nocturnal pain, as well as warning signs and nonspecific radiological findings, are some of the common symptoms of benign lesions in the spine. Osteoid osteoma is one of them. Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone-forming tumor affecting adolescents and young adults [4]. The typical presentation is painful nocturnal pain which alleviates by NSAIDs. Common locations are cortical diaphysis and spine; they are usually located in posterior elements and may cause painful scoliosis when affecting the spine. Imaging appearance on CT are oval lytic lesions known as nidus located within the dense cortical bone; on MR, reactive soft tissue and bone marrow edema is evident [5, 6].

Introduction and hypothesis Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common disorder in women that can affect a person’s quality of life. There are several instruments to assess the severity of urinary incontinence. One of the common tools is the Protection, Amount, Frequency, Adjustment, Body image (PRAFAB) questionnaire. Therefore, this study was performed with the aim of assessing the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the PRAFAB questionnaire. Methods First, the English version of the questionnaire was translated into Persian. Second, the psychometric properties of the Persian version were collected in 60 women with urinary incontinence referred to Al-Zahra Hospital by an expert team. Content validity (CV) was evaluated through CV index (CVI) and CV ratio (CVR). Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis and reproducibility was tested based on test–retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's α. Results The results showed acceptable CVI in relevancy, clarity, and simplicity, acceptable CVR for all items, good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.738) and excellent repeatability (ICC = 0.98). Conclusion The Persian version of the PRAFAB questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability and in future it can be used as a suitable evaluation instrument to assess urinary incontinence in Iranian women.

Uncommon neurological diseases make for roughly half of all rare diseases. As one of the key players in the diagnostic process, neurologists require guidelines on the types of screening tests that can be done. In this sense, biomarker research has been very active. By minimizing the chance of misdiagnosis and improper therapy, diagnostic biomarkers may help reduce the risk of disease progression. Also, Neurological complications and associated radiological findings have been reported in an increasing number of patients with COVID-19 infection. Despite improved methods, diagnosing CNS inflammatory diseases is still difficult and time-consuming. Although MRI is essential in this procedure, it might be confusing in some circumstances due to overlapping radiological results. Considering the above facts, the necessity for specialized biomarkers seems to be paramount. Serological markers appear to merit special consideration. Peripheral blood samples, unlike CSF, are easily obtained in routine ambulatory care for many periods, allowing noninvasive monitoring of therapy response. A complete combination of clinical examination, radiographic assessment, laboratory tests, and often a multidisciplinary approach is required to make an accurate diagnosis.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a frequent complication of DM. Advanced DPN can lead to major problems such as diabetic foot ulcers. Early identification of DPN cases will benefit early therapy and motivate patients to participate in their care actively. Early diagnosis is critical to improving prognosis and quality of life for people with DPN. This is due to the absence of symptoms in 50% of patients and the limited sensitivity of neuro-electrophysiology to small fibers. Many studies have shown that high-resolution ultrasound (HRU) is a good noninvasive method for diagnosing DPN. With modern technologies, HRU may be used to screen, diagnose, and monitor DPN, acting as a biomarker and giving novel diagnostic insights The electrodiagnostic alteration in DPN is preceded by morphological abnormalities on ultrasonography. High-resolution ultrasonography of peripheral nerves has the potential to become the first-line study for the diagnosis of DPN. This review work studies the diagnostic Role of High-Frequency Ultrasound in Diabetic Neuropathy

Background: Abnormal head and neck postures play a significant role in developing cervical spine dysfunction. Forward head posture (FHP) is one of the most common findings in individuals who experience head and neck disorders. Objectives: This study used a photographic method to analyze the head, upper neck, and lower neck postures in forward head posture in both static and quasi-static states. Since timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important in preventing further complications of this kinematic chain disorder, the postural variables of the head and neck were evaluated by focusing on their separate parts in both static and quasi-static states. Methods: This observational-analytical case-control study included 175 individuals with no history of neck pain in the past 6 months, 138 with FHP, and 37 with non-FHP. The postural angles, including the upper cervical, lower cervical, craniovertebral, head posture, and head tilt angles, were measured through photography in both the static state (with the head and neck in a neutral position) and the quasi-static state (while moving the head and neck in the sagittal plane) in a sitting position. The measurements were taken in two groups (FHP and non-FHP). Results: In a static state, the upper cervical angle was higher in the FHP group than in the non-FHP group. The lower cervical measurements were higher in the non-FHP group than in the FHP group. In the quasi-static state, significant differences existed in the changes of the upper cervical, lower cervical, craniovertebral, head postural, and head tilt angles between the two groups (P-value < 0.05). Conclusions: During full flexion to full extension of the neck, subjects with FHP exhibited reduced mobility in the cervical spine, particularly in the lower cervical region. Additionally, the position of the head relative to the neck remained unchanged in this group.