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Background and Objectives: Identifying the effective factors on oral health behaviors could have an important role in promotion of oral health in diabetic patients. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the assessment of cognitive-behavioral determinants of oral health in students using Pender's Health Promotion Model. Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 251 subjects were selected from Azad University, Payame Noor University and Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences by multistage random sampling in 2016. To collect data, a standard instrument was applied based on Health Promotion Model (HPM) structures. This questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic variables, Pender's HPM constructs items based on oral and dental health promotion, and health behavior. Results: The mean age (standard deviation) was (21.9 ± 1.67). Oral health behaviors had statistically significant correlations with all of the HPM structures except for situational influences (r = 0.048). The HPM structures were able to predict 43.6% of oral heath behaviors and 24.6% of commitment to action. Self-efficacy (β = 0.342) was the strongest predictor to behavior and perceived barriers of commitment to action (β = -0.217). conclusions: According to the results, self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of oral health behaviors and perceived barriers was the strongest predictors of commitment to action plan. Generally, based on the present study findings, HPM may be used as an appropriate framework for identifying factors and developing educational interventions, aiming at improving oral health behaviors among students.

Background:Elevated concentration of serum total homocysteine usually occurs in vitamin B-12 deficiency. This metabolite can be measured and used for screening functional vitamin B-12 deficiency.Objectives:We assessed functional vitamin B12 deficiency in Tehranian elderly admitted to elderly research center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.Patients and Materials:A cross-sectional study was performed on 232 elderly admitted to elderly research center in Tehran, Iran in 2012. According to other studies, individuals were classified into two groups: high risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency (< 220 pmol/L) and borderline vitamin B-12 (220–258 pmol/L) accompanied by elevated homocysteine (> 15 micmol/L).Results:Cut-off of 15.0 pmol/L for homocysteine was identified for persons with normal or elevated concentrations. Among persons aged 65–74 and ≥ 75 years, respectively, 56% and 93% were at high risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency.Conclusions:The prevalence of B12 deficiency was higher in this study compared to other studies, so more attention and massive efficacious policy should be designed to reduce the deficiency of this vitamin.

Cannabis sativa L. seeds (hemp) have a high level of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids; therefore, it has the potential to nutrition properties of the food product. In the present study, camel yogurt enriched with hemp seeds was prepared at four concentrations (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%). Several tests such as pH level, titratable acidity, syneresis, water holding capacity (WHC), viscosity, phenolic component, DPPH inhibition and sensory evaluation were determined during 0, 7, 14 and 21 days at 4 °C. At the end of storage, fatty acid profile and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed on control and optimal treatments. The results illustrated that lowest pH (3.79) corresponded to treatment supplemented with 5% hemp seeds. On the 21st day, the lowest syneresis (7.04%) and also the highest viscosity (157.50 mPa.s) and WHC (17.02%) were attributed to camel yogurt containing 3% hemp seeds. The phenolic components (14.14 mg gallic acid 100 g −1 ) and antioxidant features (20.21%) were elevated by adding hemp seed (to 5%), but increasing shelf life had an adverse effect on these factors (P < 0.05). The sensory assessment of treatments with 3% of hemp seeds had the most desirability degree on the 14th day. The saturated and unsaturated fatty acids significantly decreased and increased with 3% hemp seeds (optimal) compared with control, respectively. The SEM also exhibited better structural microscopy in optimal treatment compared to yogurt with no additives. Hence, hemp seed was considered as an appropriate dietary supplement for camel yogurt.

Carbon-based materials. including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and activated carbon, are among the most effective materials for pharmaceutical components removal from water. Despite the severe effect of pharmaceutical micropollutants in the aquatic environments and the effectiveness of carbon-based composites for water treatment, only a few studies has reviewed carbon-based materials for the removal of pharmaceutical components.Carbon-based materials with special properties like tunable surface functions, abundant pore structure, and high specific surface are used in different water treatment mechanisms such as adsorption and advanced oxidation processes. Graphene, activated carbon, and carbon nanotubes have been widely studied for pharmaceutical components removal. Herein, we have introduced carbon-based materials and reviewed recent studies on their properties, application in water treatment, and possible mechanism for removal of pharmaceutical components from aquatic environments.