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Tobacco smoking is one of the most important risk factors for the development of oral mucosal lesions such as leukoplakia and hairy tongue. Controversy exists in the literature, however, about the prevalence of oral lesions in smokers. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral lesions in male smokers compared with nonsmokers in Hamadan. A total of 516 male participants were assessed, 258 of whom were smokers and 258 of whom were healthy nonsmokers. The prevalence of lesions was evaluated by clinical observation and biopsy. We found that the most prevalent lesions among smokers were gingival problems and coated tongue; smokers had significantly more lesions than did nonsmokers. Malignant and premalignant lesions were found in a higher age range. Among all participants in our study, we found a large number of oral mucosal lesions in smokers that had a strong correlation with smoking. Dental services need to implement care and health education for smokers to promote health.

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BACKGROUND:This study explored the association between diet-associated inflammation and the risk of different molecular subtypes of breast cancer (BrCA) in a large, population-based case-control study conducted in northwestern Iran. METHODS: The study consisted of 1007 women with histopathologically confirmed BrCA and 1004 controls admitted to hospitals in Tabriz, northwestern Iran, for nonneoplastic conditions. Dietary Inflammatory Index scores and energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) scores, with and without supplements, were computed on the basis of dietary intake collected using a validated 136-item food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: Women with the highest E-DII scores (quartile 4) versus those with the lowest E-DII scores (quartile 1) showed a significantly increased BrCA risk (odds ratio for quartile 4 vs quartile 1 [OR Q4vsQ1 ], 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-2.47), particularly for lobular carcinoma (OR Q4vsQ1 , 3.07; 95% CI, 1.34-7.02). Findings were similar for premenopausal women diagnosed with luminal A BrCA (OR Q4vsQ1 , 2.71; 95% CI, 1.74-4.22) or luminal B BrCA (OR Q4vsQ1 , 2.86; 95% CI, 1.39-5.89). Women consuming the most proinflammatory diets were 3 times more likely to have triple-negative BrCA (OR Q4vsQ1 , 3.00; 95% CI, 1.002-8.96) while compared to luminal A BrCA. The BrCA risk for women consuming diets in the highest half of E-DII scores (E-DII > 0) was 59% greater than the risk for those in the lowest half (95% CI, 1.29-1.97). Also, higher E-DII scores that took into account supplements were associated with larger tumor sizes (T3 > 5 cm; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: A proinflammatory diet, as indicated by higher E-DII scores, appears to increase the risk of BrCA in Iranian women. Large increases in risk were seen in invasive molecular subtypes of BrCA. Anti-inflammatory diets are suggested to prevent the risk of overall BrCA and more aggressive forms of BrCA in particular.

Background: The present study aimed to explore the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII ® ) and the risk of different molecular subtypes of breast cancer (BrCa) for the first time in a large population-based case-control study conducted in Iran.Methods: The subjects consisted of 1007 women with histopathologically confirmed BrCa, and 1004 controls admitted to hospitals in Tabriz, Iran, for non-neoplastic conditions. The DII scores were computed based on dietary intake collected using a validated 136-item food frequency questionnaire. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII TM ) also were calculated. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: The pro-inflammatory diet [highest E-DII quartile (Q)] vs. the anti-inflammatory diet (lowest E-DII scores) showed significantly increased BrCa risk (OR Q4 vs. Q 1 : 1.87; 95% CI: 1.42‒2.47). This was aligned with the findings obtained in women at reproductive ages (premenopausal status) who diagnosed with luminal A [estrogen receptor-positive (ER + ) and/or progesterone receptor-positive (PR + ) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2 - )] (OR Q4 vs. Q 1 : 2.71; 95% CI: 1.74‒4.22) and luminal B (ER + and/or PR + , HER2 + ) (OR Q4 vs. Q 1 : 2.86; 95% CI: 1.39‒5.89). Women in the highest E-DII quartile were three times more likely to have triple-negative BrCa (ER - , PR - , HER2 - ) compared to luminal A (OR Q4 vs. Q1 : 3.00; 95% CI: 1.002‒8.96). Likewise, the risk of HER2-enriched BrCa (ER - , PR - and HER2 + ) vs. luminal B subtype was increased among those consumed the most pro-inflammatory E-DII (OR Q4 vs. Q1 : 2.44; 95% CI: 1.01‒5.88). A significant ascending trend was observed in mean E-DII scores, followed by rising tumor size (P=0.018).Conclusions: The pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by increasing E-DII scores, was a risk factor of BrCa in Iranian women, providing updates to the invasive molecular subtypes of BrCa. Diets modulated for high anti-inflammatory and low pro-inflammatory dietary components are suggested to prevent the risk of more aggressive forms of BrCa.