Although daily dysfunction and lower quality of life because of sleep problems, and total sleep duration were variables associated with preterm birth, we found no significant relationship between sleep disorder and preterm birth.

Background Alteration of free radicals (reactive oxygen species) causes mammals' sperm damage. Gallic acid (GA) is known as an antioxidant which is effective against oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of GA on the sperm apoptosis and in vitro fertilization (IVF) in adult male mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CP). Materials and Methods Following a pilot study to find the dose responses of GA, 40 adult male naval medical research institute (NMRI) mice (32 ± 3 g) were divided into five groups (n = 8): control, sham (normal saline, NS: 0.2 mL per day), CP (15 mg kg–1 per week; intraperitoneal, IP), GA (12.5 mg kg –1 per day; IP), and GA+CP. After the treatment, sperm parameters were analyzed. The apoptosis of sperm was measured by Annexin‐PI staining method followed by flow cytometry detection. Fertility was assessed by IVF method among the groups. Results The difference in sperm parameter and fertility rate between the control (% 80.05 ± 6.53) and cyclophosphomide groups (% 51.82 ± 10.78) was significant (P < .001) but GA plus CP (% 78.16 ± 5.71) restored the fertilization rate (P < .001). Also, a remarkable increase was noted regarding apoptotic sperm in CP group vs the control group. The comparison in the five groups shows that GA cotreatment was significantly effective in reducing the apoptosis rate caused by cyclophosphamide (P < .05). Conclusion It was ultimately attained that GA has a potent antioxidant effect which could inhibit the detrimental effect of CP on the apoptosis and fertility rate of sperm in the mouse.

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Reproduction, which is one of the main priorities of the World Health Organization, is the basis of human survival. There are many factors which can reduce or completely eliminate the reproductive potential and cause infertility occurs in 12%-15% of couples worldwide (Dimitriadis et al., 2017). Infertility rates in Iran have increased compared with the past, 20.2% of Iranian couples are infertile and 40% of cases are related to males' problems. It is estimated that 40%-90% of male infertility is due to abnormal sperm production. Many factors affect sperm function, the most important is the presence of free radicals (O'Flynn O'Brien et al., 2010).Normally, there is a balance between the production of free radicals in the body and the antioxidant defence system. However, exposure to agents such as toxins and environmental pollutants, drugs such as chemotherapy agents like CP, increases the production of free radicals in the body and the imbalance between free radicals and the antioxidant defence system which is called oxidative stress, leads to tissue damage (Abd El Tawab et al., 2014;Arena et al., 2018). Oxidative stress results in lipid peroxidation in the sperm membrane that lead to a decrease in the sperm motility and quality (Sadaghiani et al., 2020).According to studies, despite the great importance of CP, several reproductive problems such as azoospermia, oligospermia, atrophy of seminiferous tubules and low serum testosterone levels have been observed (Akomolafe & Aluko, 2020). Although the exact mechanism of CP-induced reproductive and gonadal toxicity has not been elucidated, based on the results of several studies, the

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